Comparatives — bigger, more beautiful, than: taqqoslash qoidalari (A2, 10-dars)

A2 — ELEMENTAR · 10-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda ikki narsa yoki odamni solishtirishni o'rganasiz — comparatives (qiyosiy daraja): taller (balandroq), more expensive (qimmatroq), better (yaxshiroq) + than (… dan). My phone is better than yours. (Telefonim siznikidan yaxshiroq — bu yerda yours = sizniki.)

Solishtirish — kundalik nutqning markazida: qaysi narsa yaxshiroq/arzonroq/tezroq, qaysi joy kattaroq, kim balandroq. Bu darsda ikkita "asbob"ni olasiz: -er/more … than (farq) va as … as (tenglik).

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• Tanlov/xarid: "This laptop is faster but more expensive than that one."
• Fikr bildirish: "I think Python is easier than C++."
• O'zi haqida (intervyu): "I'm more confident now than I was a year ago."
• Taqqoslash — fikrlashning asosi: dunyoni biz doim solishtiramiz.

Asosiy tushuncha — uzunlik qoidasi: ingliz tilida sifatni qiyosiy darajaga qo'yish uning bo'g'inlar soniga bog'liq. Qisqa sifat (1 bo'g'in) → -er qo'shadi (tall → taller). Uzun sifat (3+ bo'g'in) → oldiga more qo'yadi (beautiful → more beautiful). Bu — o'zbekchadagi bitta "-roq" (balandroq, chiroyliroq) o'rniga ikki xil tizim. Eng katta xato — ikkalasini birga ishlatish (more taller ).

O'xshatish: sifat — yukchi. Qisqa sifat (tall, big) yengil — o'zi bilan -er "ryukzag"ini ko'taradi (taller). Uzun sifat (beautiful, expensive) og'ir — unga more "yordamchi" kerak (more beautiful). Bittaga ikki yordamchi (more taller) — bu xato, ortiqcha.

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• A1-19 (sifatlar): big, expensive, beautiful, good, bad + sifat otdan oldin / to be dan keyin. Bugun ularni solishtiramiz.
• A1-19 (sifat tartibi): rang, o'lcham... — bugun bo'g'in soni muhim.
• A2-9: funksional til (taqqoslab tanlov: "This one's better").
• Tez mashq: qarama-qarshisini ayting: big → ?, expensive → ?, good → ? (small, cheap, bad). Bularning hammasi bugun -er/more oladi.

3. Grammatika — chuqur, to'liq tushuntirish

3.1. Asosiy tuzilma: comparative + than

A + to be + [sifat-comparative] + than + B
  My car is faster than your car.
  This is more expensive than that.

than — "… dan" (solishtirish so'zi). U doim ikki narsani bog'laydi.

3.2. QOIDA 1 — bir bo'g'inli sifat: + -er

tall → taller     old → older     cheap → cheaper     fast → faster
small → smaller   young → younger short → shorter     long → longer

Imlo nozikliklari:

• Oxiri -e → faqat +r: nice → nicer, large → larger, late → later, safe → safer.
• CVC (undosh+unli+undosh) → oxirgi undosh ikkilanadi + er: big → bigger, hot → hotter, thin → thinner, fat → fatter, sad → sadder. (Lekin w bilan tugasa ikkilanmaydi: new → newer, slow → slower.)

3.3. QOIDA 2 — ikki bo'g'inli, "-y" bilan tugaydi: y → -ier

happy → happier    easy → easier      busy → busier
early → earlier    pretty → prettier  funny → funnier
heavy → heavier    friendly → friendlier

(A1-9 dagi city → cities mantig'i: undosh + y → ier.)

3.4. QOIDA 3 — ikki bo'g'inli (boshqa) va uzun sifatlar: more + sifat

Ko'pchilik ikki bo'g'inli (-y siz) va barcha 3+ bo'g'inli sifatlar more oladi:

modern → more modern        careful → more careful
famous → more famous         useful → more useful
beautiful → more beautiful   expensive → more expensive
important → more important   interesting → more interesting
difficult → more difficult   comfortable → more comfortable

3.5. QOIDA 4 — IKKALASI mumkin (ba'zi ikki bo'g'inli)

Ba'zi ikki bo'g'inli sifatlar ikki xil ham bo'ladi (ikkalasi to'g'ri):

common → commoner / more common      quiet → quieter / more quiet
clever → cleverer / more clever       simple → simpler / more simple
narrow → narrower / more narrow       gentle → gentler / more gentle

Boshlovchi uchun: shubha bo'lsa more ishlating — deyarli har doim qabul qilinadi.

3.6. QOIDA 5 — NOTO'G'RI (irregular) shakllar — yodlash SHART

good → better      bad → worse        far → farther / further
little → less      much/many → more   well → better   badly → worse
old → older / elder  (elder — faqat oila: my elder brother)

This is better than that.        — Bu undan yaxshiroq.
The traffic is worse today.       — Bugun tirbandlik battarroq.
I have less time now.             — Endi vaqtim kamroq.

farther vs further: farther — faqat masofa (ten miles farther). further — masofa va mavhum ma'no (further information = qo'shimcha ma'lumot, further questions). Shubhada — further (kengroq ishlatiladi). elder vs older: elder/eldest — faqat oila a'zolari oldidan (my elder sister); than bilan ishlatilmaydi (She is elder than me → older than me). Umumiy holatda doim older.

3.7. Darajani kuchaytirish/yumshatish: much, far, a bit, slightly

Comparative oldidan qancha farq borligini bildiruvchi so'zlar:

much / far / a lot + comparative  → KATTA farq:  much bigger, far better, a lot more expensive
a bit / a little / slightly + comparative → KICHIK farq: a bit taller, slightly more expensive

This phone is much better than my old one.   — Bu telefon eskisidan ancha yaxshiroq.
She's a bit older than me.                    — U mendan biroz kattaroq.
Today is far colder than yesterday.           — Bugun kechagidan ancha sovuqroq.

Diqqat: very comparative bilan ishlatilmaydi: very bigger () → much bigger (). very faqat oddiy sifat bilan (very big).

3.8. as … as — TENGLIK (va not as … as — tengsizlik)

Ikki narsa teng bo'lsa — as + sifat (oddiy!) + as:

A + to be + as + sifat + as + B
  He is as tall as his father.       — U otasidek baland (teng).
  This is as expensive as that.       — Bu xuddi undek qimmat.

not as … as = "… qadar emas" (kamroq):

This phone isn't as expensive as that one.   — Bu telefon unchalik qimmat emas (= arzonroq).
I'm not as fast as you.                       — Men sendek tez emasman (= sekinroq).

Diqqat: as … as orasida sifat oddiy shaklda (comparative emas!): as tall as (), as taller as (). Va not as … as = less … than: "not as expensive as" = "less expensive than".

as much/many … as (miqdor): I don't have as much time as you. / She has as many books as me.

3.9. less … than — "kamroq" (more ning teskarisi)

This is less expensive than that.    — Bu undan kamroq qimmat (= arzonroq).
I'm less confident than I was.        — Men oldingidan kamroq ishonchliman.

less — uzun sifatlar bilan tabiiyroq. Qisqa sifatda odatda qarama-qarshi so'z ishlatiladi: less big o'rniga smaller.

3.9b. the same as / different from / similar to — "bir xil / farqli / o'xshash"

as … as tenglikni sifat orqali beradi; quyidagi tayyor iboralar esa ikki narsani butunlay solishtiradi (ot bilan):

A + to be + the same as + B      → bir xil
A + to be + different from + B    → farqli
A + to be + similar to + B        → o'xshash

My phone is the same as yours.        — Telefonim sizniki bilan bir xil.
This colour is different from that.    — Bu rang undan farqli.
Her idea is similar to mine.           — Uning fikri menikiga o'xshash.

Diqqat — predlogni yodlang: the same as ( the same with/like), different from (BrE ba'zan different to; AmE different than — lekin A2 uchun from ishonchli), similar to ( similar with). Bular sobit birikma — predlogi bilan yodlanadi. the same … as (orasida ot): the same size as, the same age as, the same price as — He is the same age as me. (U men bilan tengdosh.)

3.10. comparative + and + comparative — "tobora …roq"

Asta-sekin o'sib borishini bildiradi:

It's getting colder and colder.           — Tobora sovub boryapti.
Prices are getting higher and higher.     — Narxlar tobora oshyapti.
English is becoming more and more important. — Inglizcha tobora muhimroq bo'lyapti.

(Uzun sifat: more and more + sifat.)

3.11. the + comparative, the + comparative — "qancha …, shuncha …"

Ikki narsaning parallel o'sishi:

The more you practise, the better you get.   — Qancha mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshilanasiz.
The older I get, the wiser I become.          — Qancha kattalashsam, shuncha donoroq bo'laman.
The sooner, the better.                       — Qancha tez bo'lsa, shuncha yaxshi.

3.12. RAVISHLARNI taqqoslash (adverbs)

Sifat emas, harakatni solishtirsangiz (qanday qilingan):

fast → faster (He runs faster.)         hard → harder (work harder)
early → earlier      late → later
-ly ravishlar → more: carefully → more carefully, slowly → more slowly, quickly → more quickly
yaxshi: well → better      yomon: badly → worse

Could you speak more slowly, please?   — Sekinroq gapira olasizmi?
He works harder than anyone.            — U hammadan ko'proq ishlaydi.
She did better than expected.           — U kutilgandan yaxshiroq qildi.

4. Misollar (holatlar bo'yicha)

QISQA SIFAT (-er than):

Tashkent is bigger than Bukhara.        — Toshkent Buxorodan kattaroq.
This box is heavier than that one.       — Bu quti undan og'irroq.
Winter is colder than autumn.            — Qish kuzdan sovuqroq.

UZUN SIFAT (more … than):

This job is more interesting than my last one. — Bu ish oldingisidan qiziqarliroq.
Health is more important than money.      — Sog'liq puldan muhimroq.

IRREGULAR:

Your idea is better than mine.            — Sizning fikringiz menikidan yaxshiroq.
The film was worse than the book.         — Film kitobdan yomonroq edi.

as … as / not as … as:

He's as clever as his sister.             — U opasidek aqlli.
This isn't as hard as I thought.          — Bu men o'ylaganchalik qiyin emas.

KUCHAYTIRISH:

It's much hotter today.                   — Bugun ancha issiqroq.
She's slightly taller than me.            — U mendan biroz balandroq.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

(a) -er oxiri → schwa /ə/ (urg'usiz):

taller "to:lə", bigger "bigə", older "ouldə", faster "fa:stə", better "betə"

"-er" hech qachon "-er" deb kuchli aytilmaydi — yengil "ə".

(b) than — zaif shakl /ðən/: taller than me → "to:lə-ðən-mi" (than yutiladi). th tovushli (ð).

(c) as … as: birinchi as zaif /əz/, ikkinchisi biroz kuchliroq: as tall as → "əz-to:l-əz".

(d) more /mɔː/ "mo:", worse /wɜːs/ "wə:s" (NOT "vors"!), better /ˈbetə/ (intervokal t → AmE "bedər").

Topshiriq (shadowing): "bigger than", "more expensive than", "better than", "as good as" ni ayting; than va as ni zaif (yutib) ayting. Youglish: "better than", "as good as".

6. So'z boyligi (kengaytirilgan Anki) — sifat juftlari + taqqoslash iboralari

Tayyor iboralar (chunks):

• the same as — "… bilan bir xil" (This is the same as that.).
• different from — "… dan farqli" (Mine is different from yours.).
• similar to — "… ga o'xshash".
• better than nothing — "yo'qdan ko'ra yaxshi".
• the sooner the better — "qancha tez, shuncha yaxshi".
• more or less — "taxminan, ozmi-ko'pmi".
• much/far better — "ancha yaxshiroq"; a bit worse — "biroz yomonroq". Kollokatsiya: much better, far worse, slightly bigger, getting harder, more and more, better than ever.

7. O'qish matni va dialog (input)

Dialog — telefon tanlash (do'konda):

A: I can't decide between these two phones.            — Bu ikki telefon orasida qaror qila olmayapman.
B: Well, this one is more expensive, but it's also much faster. — Bu qimmatroq, lekin ancha tezroq ham.
A: Is the camera better?                                — Kamerasi yaxshiroqmi?
B: Yes, a bit better. But the other one has a bigger screen and a longer battery life. — Ha, biroz yaxshiroq. Lekin anavinikida kattaroq ekran va uzunroq batareya.
A: Hmm. The cheaper one isn't as fast, but it's good enough for me. — Hmm. Arzonrogi unchalik tez emas, lekin menga yetarli.
B: Honestly, for everyday use, the difference isn't as big as people think. — Rostini aytsam, kundalik ishlatish uchun farq odamlar o'ylaganchalik katta emas.
A: OK, I'll take the cheaper one. The more I think, the clearer it gets! — Mayli, arzonrogini olaman. Qancha o'ylasam, shuncha aniqroq bo'lyapti!

O'qish matni — "Two cities" (taqqoslash):

I have lived in two cities: Bukhara and Tashkent. They are very different. — Men ikki shaharda yashaganman: Buxoro va Toshkent. Ular juda farqli.
Tashkent is much bigger and busier than Bukhara.    — Toshkent Buxorodan ancha katta va sershovqinroq.
Life there is faster, and everything is more expensive. — U yerda hayot tezroq va hamma narsa qimmatroq.
Bukhara is smaller and quieter, and for me it's more beautiful. — Buxoro kichikroq va tinchroq, men uchun esa chiroyliroq.
The people in Bukhara are not as busy, so they seem friendlier. — Buxorodagi odamlar unchalik band emas, shuning uchun do'stonaroq ko'rinadi.
Tashkent has more opportunities, but Bukhara feels more like home. — Toshkentda imkoniyatlar ko'proq, lekin Buxoro ko'proq uydek tuyuladi.
Neither is better — they're just different.          — Birortasi yaxshiroq emas — shunchaki farqli.

Topshiriq: matnda har comparative va as…as ni belgilang. So'ng ikki narsani (ikki shahar, ikki telefon, ikki ish) solishtirib 8 gap yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• DOUBLE comparative (more + -er): more bigger, more taller, more better. Sabab: o'zbekcha "-roq" bitta, lekin ikkala tizimni qo'shib yuborish. bigger, taller, better. (more YOKI -er — ikkalasi emas). Eng ko'p xato!

• Uzun sifatga -er: beautifuler, expensiveer, importanter. more beautiful, more expensive, more important.

• than ni tushirish yoki noto'g'ri: bigger that / bigger then. bigger than. (than — solishtirish; then — keyin; that — anavi).

• as … as orasida comparative: as taller as / as more expensive as. as tall as, as expensive as. (oddiy sifat).

• very + comparative: very better, very bigger. much better, much bigger. (very — faqat oddiy sifat bilan).

• Irregular o'rniga oddiy: gooder, badder, worser, more better. better, worse.

• than dan keyin — me/I: ikkalasi ham bo'ladi: taller than me (norasmiy, keng) / taller than I am (rasmiy). taller than I (yolg'iz) — kam.

• than o'rniga from / as: bigger from you, better as this. Sabab: o'zbekchada "…dan kattaroq" — chiqish kelishigi ("-dan"). Uni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri from deb tarjima qilish yoki as bilan aralashtirish. Solishtiruv (farq) bilan doim than. bigger than you, better than this. (from faqat different from da; as faqat as … as tenglikda).

• as … as o'rniga like: He is tall like his father (tenglikni aytmoqchi bo'lsangiz). He is as tall as his father. (like — "…ga o'xshab", teng darajani aniq bermaydi; aniq tenglik uchun as … as).

• -y ni "y" bilan qoldirish: happyer, easyer. (o'zbekcha "y" o'zgarmagandek). happier, easier (undosh + y → ier).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Comparative shaklini yozing:

tall → ___     big → ___      happy → ___     expensive → ___
good → ___     bad → ___      easy → ___      careful → ___
hot → ___      far → ___      important → ___  nice → ___

Mashq 2. Gapni to'ldiring (comparative + than):

1. A car is ___ (fast) than a bicycle.
2. This book is ___ (interesting) than that one.
3. My new job is ___ (good) than my old one.
4. Today is ___ (hot) than yesterday.
5. Health is ___ (important) than money.

Mashq 3. as … as yoki not as … as bilan:

1. He is ___ tall ___ his brother. (teng)
2. This phone ___ (not) expensive ___ that one. (arzonroq)
3. The test wasn't ___ hard ___ I expected.

Mashq 4. Kuchaytiruvchi qo'shing (much / a bit):

1. This is ___ better. (katta farq)
2. She's ___ older than me. (kichik farq)

Mashq 5. Xatoni to'g'rilang: She is more taller than me., This is gooder than that., It's more cheap than I thought., He is as faster as you., Today is very colder than yesterday., bigger that yours, My car is faster from yours., This is the same with that., easyer

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Telefonim siznikidan yaxshiroq. = ___
2. Toshkent Buxorodan kattaroq. = ___
3. Bu men o'ylaganchalik qiyin emas. = ___
4. Bugun ancha sovuqroq. = ___
5. Qancha mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshilanasiz. = ___

Mashq 7 (production): o'zingiz va do'stingizni (yoki ikki narsani) 5 ta jihatdan solishtiring (I'm taller than..., He's better at...).

Mashq 8. To'g'ri iborani tanlang (the same as / different from / similar to):

1. My phone is ___ yours — they're identical. (bir xil)
2. British English is a bit ___ American English. (farqli)
3. Her voice is ___ her sister's. (o'xshash)

10. Production drill + model javoblar

Drill A — solishtirish (comparative + than): ikki narsa beriladi, gap tuzing:

(Tashkent / Bukhara — big)   → Tashkent is bigger than Bukhara.
(gold / silver — expensive)   → ___
(summer / winter — hot)       → ___
(my phone / your phone — good) → ___

Drill B — tenglik (as … as): teng narsalar:

(this bag / that bag — heavy)  → This bag is as heavy as that one.
(I / my brother — tall)         → ___

Drill C — kuchaytirish: much/a bit qo'shib, farqni ifodalang:

(this car — fast — katta farq)  → This car is much faster.
(she — old — kichik farq)        → She's a bit older.

Model javoblar (Drill A): Gold is more expensive than silver. / Summer is hotter than winter. / My phone is better than your phone. So'ng o'zingizning 4 ta solishtiruvi bilan ayting/yozing, "tekshir" deb yuboring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: taller / bigger / happier / more expensive / better / worse / easier / more careful / hotter / farther (further) / more important / nicer. Mashq 2: 1. faster · 2. more interesting · 3. better · 4. hotter · 5. more important. Mashq 3: 1. as tall as · 2. isn't as expensive as · 3. as hard as. Mashq 4: 1. much better · 2. a bit older. Mashq 5: She is taller than me. / This is better than that. / It's cheaper than I thought. / He is as fast as you. / Today is much colder than yesterday. / bigger than yours. / My car is faster than yours. / This is the same as that. / easier. Mashq 6: 1. My phone is better than yours. · 2. Tashkent is bigger than Bukhara. · 3. This isn't as hard as I thought. · 4. It's much colder today. · 5. The more you practise, the better you get. Mashq 8: 1. the same as · 2. different from · 3. similar to.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Comparative — ikki narsani solishtirish (+ than)
  1 bo'g'in:        + -er    (tall→taller, big→bigger, nice→nicer)
  2 bo'g'in -y:     y→-ier   (happy→happier, easy→easier)
  uzun (2-3+):      more +   (more expensive, more important)
  IRREGULAR:        good→better, bad→worse, far→further, little→less
  than = "…dan"  |  as…as = tenglik  |  not as…as = less…than
  Kuchaytirish: much/far/a bit/slightly + comparative (very EMAS!)
  more and more (tobora) | the more…, the better… (qancha…, shuncha…)
  Iboralar: the same AS | different FROM | similar TO (predlogi bilan yodlang)
  XATO: more bigger ✗ | beautifuler ✗ | very bigger ✗ | as taller as ✗ | bigger from ✗

Asosiy nuqtalar:

1. Qisqa sifat → -er; uzun sifat → more; ikkalasi birga emas (more bigger ).
2. than = "…dan"; irregular: better, worse, further, less.
3. as…as (teng), not as…as (kamroq).
4. much/a bit + comparative (very emas).
5. more and more, the more…, the better….

Bog'lanish: comparative — qiyoslash tizimining yarmi. Keyingi dars superlatives (eng — the biggest, the most expensive) ni beradi — uchta+ narsadan "eng"ini. Comparative qoidalari (qisqa→-est, uzun→most) deyarli bir xil. B1 da taqqoslash murakkablashadi (twice as…as, the same as).

Keyingi dars — A2 — 11-dars: Superlatives (eng — the biggest, the most beautiful). Endi ikki emas, ko'pdan bittasi — "eng baland, eng yaxshi, dunyodagi eng …": the tallest, the best, the most expensive.

Manba

R. Murphy, "English Grammar in Use" (comparatives, Units 105–107; as…as Unit 108); Swan, "Practical English Usage" (comparison; comparative and superlative adjectives); Cambridge Dictionary (comparatives); British Council LearnEnglish — "Comparative adjectives".