Word formation — suffiks va prefikslar bilan so'z yasash (B2, maxsus dars)

B2 — YUQORI O'RTA · to'ldirish dars · (kengaytirilgan chuqurlik)

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Ingliz tilida bitta ildizdan o'nlab so'z yasash mumkin: able → ability → unable → disability → enable. Bu — so'z yasash (word formation): prefiks (oldida: un-, dis-) va suffiks (oxirida: -tion, -able, -ly) qo'shib, so'zning turkumini va ma'nosini o'zgartirish. Bu ko'nikma ikki sababga ko'ra juda muhim:

1. Noma'lum so'zni tushunish: un + believ + able → "ishonib bo'lmas" (lug'atsiz!).
2. Cambridge B2 First "Use of English Part 3": imtihonning butun bir qismi — berilgan ildizdan to'g'ri shaklni yasash ("please" → un*pleasant"*). Ballning katta qismi.

Avval (LUGAT 42-JADVAL) affiks ro'yxatini ko'rdingiz; bu dars uni faol ko'nikmaga aylantiradi — so'zni o'zingiz yasashga o'rgatadi. Bu o'qish tezligini oshiradi, lug'at boyligini ko'paytiradi (bir so'zdan 5 so'z), va imtihon ballini ko'taradi.

Real hayotda nega kerak:

• O'qish: "The decision was irreversible" — ir + revers + ible dan ma'noni topish.
• Imtihon: "He showed great __ (BRAVE)" → bravery.
• Yozish: bir ildizdan turli shakl bilan takrordan qochish.
• Lug'at: bitta so'z yodlab, 5 tasini bilish.

ASOSIY tushuncha — so'z = ildiz + affiks(lar). So'z uch qismdan iborat bo'lishi mumkin:

Qism	Vazifa	Misol
Prefiks (oldida)	ma'noni o'zgartiradi (ko'pincha inkor)	un-, dis-, re-
Ildiz (root)	asosiy ma'no	happy, friend, able
Suffiks (oxirida)	so'z TURKUMINI o'zgartiradi	-ness, -ly, -able

un + happi + ness = unhappiness (inkor + xursand + ot).

O'xshatish — "Lego g'ishtlari": so'z yasash — Lego qurish. Ildiz — asosiy g'isht (friend). Suffiks qo'shsangiz — turkum o'zgaradi (friend → friendly → friendliness). Prefiks qo'shsangiz — ma'no o'zgaradi (friendly → unfriendly). Bir g'ishtdan (ildiz) butun "imorat" (so'z oilasi) quriladi. Affikslarni bilsangiz, har ildizdan ko'p so'z "yig'asiz".

Til-fakti: Cambridge B2 First / C1 Advanced imtihonlarida Use of English Part 3 — to'liq so'z yasashga bag'ishlangan: 8 ta gap, har birida berilgan ildizdan to'g'ri shakl yasash kerak (turkum + prefiks + ko'plik + inkor). Bu — alohida mahorat: faqat affiksni bilish emas, kontekstga qarab to'g'ri shaklni tanlash (ot kerakmi? sifatmi? inkormi?).

2. Avvalgi darslardan takror (spiral)

• LUGAT 42-JADVAL: prefiks/suffiks ro'yxati — bugun faol yasash.
• B2-6 (LUGAT so'z oilalari): analyse→analysis→analytical. Bugun chuqur + imtihon.
• B2-26 (sifatlar): -ful/-less sifatlar.
• B2-23 (artikl): mavhum ot (-ness, -ity).
• Tez mashq: happy dan ot yasang (happiness). care dan sifat (careful/careless).

3. Suffikslar — so'z TURKUMINI o'zgartiradi

3.1. OT yasovchi suffikslar

3.2. SIFAT yasovchi suffikslar

3.3. FE'L va RAVISH yasovchi

FE'L: -ise/-ize (modern→modernize), -en (wide→widen, short→shorten),
      -ify (simple→simplify, pure→purify), -ate (active→activate)
RAVISH: -ly (quick→quickly, careful→carefully) — sifat + ly

4. Prefikslar — so'z MA'NOSINI o'zgartiradi

4.1. Inkor prefikslar (eng muhim — imtihon!)

Inkor prefiksni tanlash: im- (m/b/p oldidan: impossible, immoral), il- (l: illegal), ir- (r: irregular), in- (qolganlar: incorrect), un- (eng universal). Bu — imtihonda eng ko'p so'raladi.

4.2. Boshqa prefikslar

5. So'z oilalari — bitta ildiz, ko'p so'z

Native siri — imtihon strategiyasi: Use of English Part 3 da: (1) bo'sh joyga qaysi turkum kerakligini aniqlang (ot? sifat? ravish?); (2) inkor/ko'plik kerakmi tekshiring (gap ma'nosi); (3) imlo o'zgarishiga e'tibor (happy → happiness). Misol: "He behaved __ (RESPONSIBLE)" → ravish + inkor kerak → irresponsibly.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali) — yasalgan shakllar

Chunk: -ness/-ity = mavhum ot; -er/-or/-ist = odam; -able/-ful/-ous = sifat; -ly = ravish; -ize/-en/-ify = fe'l; un-/in-/dis- = inkor.

Native chunk: imlo o'zgarishi: happy → happiness (y→i), able → ability (-le tushadi), decide → decision (-de→-sion), strong → strengthen (o→e). Affiks qo'shganda imloga e'tibor.

7. Dialog + o'qish matni

Dialog (so'z yasash mantiqi): A: I keep seeing words I don't know, like "irreversible." How do you work them out? B: Break them into parts. Ir- means "not," revers is "reverse," and -ible means "can be." So it's "cannot be reversed." A: Clever! So if I know the root, I can guess the rest? B: Exactly. Take "care." Add -ful — careful. -less — careless. -ly — carefully. One root, four words. A: And prefixes change the meaning? B: Right. Un-, dis-, in- usually make it negative. Happy → unhappy. Agree → disagree. A: That's a game-changer for reading. B: It really is. Once you learn the patterns, your vocabulary grows much faster — without memorising every single word.

Tahlil: irreversible (ir+revers+ible), careful/careless/carefully, unhappy, disagree — so'z yasash mantiqi tushuntiriladi.

O'qish (Use of English uslubi — bo'shliqni yasang):

Read the text. Form a word from the word in CAPITALS for each gap.

Learning a language requires (1)___ (PATIENT) and (2)___ (DETERMINE). Many learners feel a sense of (3)___ (FRUSTRATE) when progress seems slow. However, this feeling is often (4)___ (NECESSARY), as small daily efforts lead to real (5)___ (IMPROVE). The key is (6)___ (CONSIST): even fifteen minutes a day can be surprisingly (7)___ (EFFECT). With the right mindset, fluency is entirely (8)___ (ACHIEVE).

Topshiriq: Bosh harfli so'zdan to'g'ri shaklni yasang (javoblar 12-bo'limda). Har biriga: qaysi turkum? inkor kerakmi?

8. Tipik xatolar (L1 transfer + imtihon)

Asosiy tuzoq: (1) inkor prefiksni tovushga qarab tanlang (im/il/ir/in); (2) imtihonda — qaysi turkum kerak (ot/sifat/ravish) + inkor/ko'plik; (3) imlo o'zgarishi (happy→happiness).

9. Chuqur tahlil — qo'shimcha faktlar va nozikliklar

B2 dan C1 ga ko'prik.

(a) Use of English Part 3 — to'liq strategiya. Har bo'sh joy uchun: (1) Gap ma'nosi — ijobiy yoki inkor? (2) Qaysi turkum (ega/obyekt o'rni → ot; fe'ldan keyin → ravish; ot oldida → sifat)? (3) Birlik/ko'plik? (4) Imlo o'zgarishi? To'rt savol = to'g'ri javob.

(b) Bitta ildiz — bir necha suffiks. act → action, active, activity, actor, activate, actively. Imtihonda qaysi biri kerakligini kontekst belgilaydi: "He took __ (ACT)" → action (ot).

(c) Ikki marta o'zgarish. Ba'zan prefiks + suffiks birga: "He acted __ (RESPONSIBLE)" → ir + responsibl + y = irresponsibly (inkor + ravish). Eng qiyin imtihon savoli.

(d) "-ise/-ize" — BrE/AmE. BrE: -ise (organise) yoki -ize; AmE: -ize (organize). Ikkalasi qabul qilinadi (Oxford -ize ni afzal). advertise, surprise, exercise — har doim -ise (istisno).

(e) Ot → fe'l urg'u siljishi. record (ot: REcord) → record (fe'l: reCORD); present, export, increase — ot/fe'l urg'u farqi (B2-43). Yozuvda bir xil, ma'noda farq.

(f) Soxta affikslar — ehtiyot. invaluable = "bebaho" (in- bu yerda inkor EMAS — qiymatli!). flammable = inflammable (ikkalasi "yonuvchan"!). Affiks har doim mantiqiy emas — kontekst tekshiring.

(g) Compound (qo'shma) so'zlar. Ikki so'zdan: blackboard, sunflower, well-known, time-consuming, self-confident. Defis bilan (sifat: well-paid), birikkan (toothbrush), yoki ajratilgan (bus stop). Bu — so'z yasashning yana bir turi.

(h) Productivity — bir ildizdan necha so'z. nation → national, nationality, nationalize, international, multinational, nationalism, nationalist — 7+ so'z! Mahsuldor ildizni o'rgansangiz, butun "oila"ni egallaysiz.

(i) Suffiks urg'uni siljitadi. Ba'zi suffikslar so'zning urg'usini o'zgartiradi — bu talaffuz uchun juda muhim. -ic, -ity, -ion, -ial suffikslari urg'uni o'zidan oldingi bo'g'inga tortadi: PHOtograph → phoTOgraphy → photoGRAPHic; POlitics → poLItical; ECOnomy → ecoNOMic. Yozuvda ildiz bir xil ko'rinsa ham, aytilishi butunlay o'zgaradi — Youglish kabi resursda tinglab tekshirish foydali.

(j) -ic → -ically (ravish tuzog'i). -ic bilan tugagan sifatdan ravish yasaganda -ally qo'shiladi, -ly emas: basic → basically, dramatic → dramatically, automatic → automatically, scientific → scientifically. Yagona keng tarqalgan istisno — public → publicly. Bu Use of English Part 3 da tez-tez chalg'itadigan nuqta.

(k) -able vs -ible imlosi. -able — mahsuldor va ko'pincha to'liq ingliz ildiziga qo'shiladi (accept → acceptable, rely → reliable, comfort → comfortable); -ible — ko'pincha lotin ildiziga va yaxlit so'z qolmaydigan holatlarda (sense → sensible, poss- → possible, vis- → visible, terr- → terrible). Qoida 100% emas, lekin "ildiz o'zicha butun so'zmi?" degan savol ko'p hollarda yordam beradi: accept butun so'z → -able; poss butun so'z emas → -ible.

C1 ko'prik: so'z yasash — lug'at boyligini eksponensial oshiradi (1 ildiz = 5-7 so'z) va imtihon (Use of English Part 3) ballini ko'taradi. C1 Advanced'da bu yanada murakkab (ikki affiks, noziklik). Affiks naqshlarini bilish — noma'lum so'zni o'qishda lug'atsiz tushunish demakdir.

10. Mashqlar

A. So'z turkumini yasang (qavsdagidan):

1. ot: happy → ___ · 2. sifat: danger → ___ · 3. ravish: care → ___ · 4. fe'l: modern → ___ · 5. ot: decide → ___

B. To'g'ri inkor prefiksni qo'ying (un/in/im/il/ir/dis):

1. ___possible · 2. ___legal · 3. ___regular · 4. ___honest · 5. ___correct · 6. ___polite

C. So'z oilasini to'ldiring (fe'l/ot/sifat):

1. create → ___ (ot) → ___ (sifat)
2. rely → ___ (ot) → ___ (sifat)

D. Xatoni tuzating:

1. unpossible · 2. happyness · 3. He drives responsible (ravish).

E. Bosh harfli so'zdan yasang: "Her __ (KIND) touched everyone." (ot)

11. Amaliy topshiriq (IlmHamroh AI bilan)

Maqsad: so'z yasashni faol ko'nikmaga aylantirish (Use of English Part 3 mashqi).

Vazifa — so'z yasash mashqi: Men sizga 8 ta gap beraman (Cambridge Use of English Part 3 uslubida), har birida bosh harfli ildiz so'z bilan. Siz har bo'sh joyga to'g'ri yasalgan shaklni qo'yasiz — turkum + prefiks/inkor + imlo to'g'ri.

Masalan: "His __ (ABLE) to stay calm impressed everyone." → ability (ot). / "She spoke __ (CONFIDENCE)." → confidently (ravish).

Yoki, agar xohlasangiz, men beraman, siz yechasiz — har biriga nega o'sha shakl (qaysi turkum, nega inkor) tushuntiring.

"Tayyor" mezonlari: (1) 8 dan kamida 6 to'g'ri; (2) turkum to'g'ri (ot/sifat/ravish — gapdagi o'rni); (3) inkor prefiks to'g'ri (im/il/ir/in); (4) imlo to'g'ri (happiness, ability); (5) ikki o'zgarishli (prefiks+suffiks) ham to'g'ri.

Men javoblaringizni baholayman — har xatoning sababini (qaysi turkum/prefiks/imlo) tushuntiraman, va imtihon strategiyasini mustahkamlayman.

12. Javoblar kaliti

O'qish (Part 3): 1. patience · 2. determination · 3. frustration · 4. unnecessary · 5. improvement · 6. consistency · 7. effective · 8. achievable

A: 1. happiness · 2. dangerous · 3. carefully (yoki careful) · 4. modernise/modernize · 5. decision

B: 1. impossible · 2. illegal · 3. irregular · 4. dishonest · 5. incorrect · 6. impolite

C: 1. creation/creativity → creative · 2. reliance → reliable

D: 1. impossible · 2. happiness · 3. He drives responsibly

E: kindness

Tez ma'lumotnoma

SO'Z = (PREFIKS) + ILDIZ + (SUFFIKS)
  prefiks → MA'NO (un-/dis-/re-/over-) · suffiks → TURKUM (-ness/-ly/-able)

SUFFIKS (turkum):
  OT: -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ance/-ence, -er/-or/-ist, -ship, -hood
  SIFAT: -ful, -less, -able/-ible, -ous, -ive, -al, -ic, -y, -ent/-ant
  FE'L: -ise/-ize, -en, -ify, -ate · RAVISH: -ly

INKOR PREFIKS (tovushga qarab):
  im- (m/b/p: impossible) · il- (l: illegal) · ir- (r: irregular)
  in- (qolgan: incorrect) · un- (universal) · dis- (disagree)

USE OF ENGLISH PART 3 STRATEGIYA:
  1) ijobiy/inkor? 2) qaysi turkum? 3) birlik/ko'plik? 4) imlo o'zgarishi?

⚠️ happy→happiNESS (y→i) · ⚠️ invaluable = bebaho (inkor emas!)
💡 1 ildiz = 5-7 so'z (nation→national→nationality→nationalize...)

Bog'lanish

• Oldingi: LUGAT 42-JADVAL (affikslar), B2-6 (so'z oilalari), B2-23/26 (mavhum ot/sifat).
• Keyingi: B2-53 (AmE vs BrE).
• Aloqador: Cambridge B2 First Use of English Part 3, C1 Advanced.

Manba

Cambridge B2 First Use of English (Part 3 — word formation); "English Vocabulary in Use" (word building); Oxford word-formation reference; LUGAT 42-JADVAL.