Ingliz tilida otlarning ko'pligi — -s, -es, -ies va irregular plural (A1, 9-dars)

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 9-dars

Qisqacha: Ingliz tilida ko'plik asosan otga -s qo'shib yasaladi, lekin so'z oxiriga qarab -es, -ies, -ves shakllari va yodlanadigan noto'g'ri (irregular) ko'pliklar bor.

• Oddiy -s — book → books (kitoblar)
• -s, -x, -ch, -sh (va undosh + o) → -es — box → boxes (qutilar)
• Undosh + y → -ies — city → cities (shaharlar); lekin boy → boys
• -f / -fe → -ves — knife → knives (pichoqlar)
• Noto'g'ri ko'plik — man → men, child → children, person → people (erkaklar, bolalar, odamlar)
• Sanalmaydigan otlar -s olmaydi — I need water. (Menga suv kerak.)

Batafsil tushuntirish, misollar va mashqlar — pastda.

1. Dars nomi va maqsad

Bu darsda otlarni ko'plikka qo'yishni o'rganasiz: bitta book → ko'p books. O'zbekchada bu oson — har doim "-lar" (kitob → kitoblar). Ingliz tilida esa bir necha qoida va noto'g'ri (irregular) shakllar bor: book → books, lekin child → children, man → men. Bu darsdan keyin siz otlarni to'g'ri ko'plikka qo'ya olasiz va ularning talaffuzini (-s ning uch xil o'qilishi) bilasiz.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 7–8-dars: artikllar — a/an (biror, birlik), the (aniq), artiklsiz (umumiy ko'plik/sanalmaydigan).
• Tez mashq: I like dogs (umuman) vs The dog is black (aniq) — farqi?

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. Oddiy ko'plik — qo'shimcha -s

Aksariyat otlar ko'plikda -s oladi:

book → books     car → cars      student → students
dog → dogs       table → tables  friend → friends

3.2. -es qachon qo'shiladi

Quyidagi tovushlar bilan tugaganda -es:

• -s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh bilan tugasa (qo'shimcha bo'g'in qo'shiladi):

bus → buses     box → boxes     watch → watches
glass → glasses class → classes dish → dishes

• undosh + o bilan tugasa (ko'pincha):

tomato → tomatoes   potato → potatoes   hero → heroes
(lekin: photo → photos, piano → pianos — istisno)

3.3. -y → -ies (undosh + y)

Agar so'z undosh + y bilan tugasa, y → ies:

city → cities     baby → babies     country → countries
story → stories   family → families

Lekin unli + y bo'lsa — oddiy -s:

boy → boys     day → days     key → keys     toy → toys

3.4. -f / -fe → -ves

Ba'zi -f / -fe so'zlar ko'plikda -ves bo'ladi:

knife → knives   wife → wives    leaf → leaves
life → lives     half → halves   shelf → shelves
(lekin: roof → roofs, chief → chiefs — istisno)

3.5. Noto'g'ri (irregular) ko'plik — YODLASH kerak

Bularning qoidasi yo'q — yodlang (juda ko'p ishlatiladi):

O'zgarmaydigan (birlik = ko'plik):

fish → fish     sheep → sheep    deer → deer

DIQQAT: people — bu person ning ko'pligi va o'zi ham ko'plik. peoples deyilmaydi (odatda). children — childs EMAS. Bu ikkitasi eng ko'p uchraydi — yodlang.

3.6. Doim ko'plik bo'ladigan otlar

Ba'zi narsalar ikki bir xil qismdan iborat bo'lgani uchun ingliz tilida doim ko'plik shaklda turadi — birligi umuman ishlatilmaydi. O'zbek so'zlovchi buni birlik deb o'ylab xato qiladi (bitta shim deganda ham inglizcha ko'plik):

trousers   — shim (bitta shim ham)
glasses    — ko'zoynak
scissors   — qaychi
jeans      — jinsi shim
shorts     — shortik

Bularni sanash uchun a pair of ("bir juft") ishlatiladi:

• I need new trousers. — Menga yangi shim kerak. ( a new trouser)
• Where are my glasses? — Ko'zoynag'im qayerda? (fe'l ham ko'plik: are, is)
• I have two pairs of scissors. — Menda ikkita qaychi bor.

3.7. Sanalmaydigan otlar — ko'plik YO'Q

Suyuqlik, material, mavhum tushunchalar odatda sanalmaydi — ularga -s qo'shilmaydi va fe'l birlikda bo'ladi. Bu — o'zbek so'zlovchining eng katta xatolaridan biri (o'zbekchada suvlar, pullar deyish mumkin, inglizchada esa yo'q):

water   — suv        ❌ waters
rice    — guruch      ❌ rices
money   — pul         ❌ moneys
bread   — non         ❌ breads
milk    — sut         ❌ milks

• I need water. — Menga suv kerak. ( waters)
• He has a lot of money. — Uning ko'p puli bor. ( moneys, fe'l has)

Sanash kerak bo'lsa "idish/o'lchov" so'zi qo'shiladi: two glasses of water (ikki stakan suv), three kilos of rice. Bu mavzu A2 da chuqurroq ochiladi — hozircha shuni yodda tuting: water, rice, money, bread, milk — hech qachon -s olmaydi.

3.8. -s/-es talaffuzi — uch xil!

Ko'plik -s uch xil o'qiladi (oxirgi tovushga qarab):

books "buks" /s/ | dogs "dogz" /z/ | buses "basiz" /ɪz/

4. Misollar

oddiy -s:    one cat → two cats, one book → three books
-es:         one box → two boxes, one watch → many watches
-ies:        one city → two cities, one baby → three babies
-ves:        one knife → two knives, one leaf → many leaves
irregular:   one man → two men, one child → three children, one person → many people

Gaplarda:
  There are three children in the garden. — Bog'da uchta bola bor.
  I have two feet and ten toes.           — Menda ikki oyoq va o'n barmoq bor.
  Five women are teachers.                — Besh ayol o'qituvchi.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• -s/-es: /s/ (books), /z/ (dogs), /ɪz/ (buses) — yuqoridagi jadval.
• women /ˈwɪmɪn/ "wimin" — yozuvi "wo", lekin o'qilishi "wi"! (birlik woman "wumən").
• children /ˈtʃɪldrən/ "childrən", people /ˈpiːpl/ "pi:pl".

Topshiriq: books, dogs, buses, watches, cities, knives — har birini ayting; -s ning to'g'ri tovushini (/s/ /z/ /ɪz/) tanlang.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

7. O'qish matni

My family is big.                          — Mening oilam katta.
There are six people in my family.         — Oilamda olti kishi bor.
I have two brothers and one sister.        — Ikki akam va bir singlim bor.
We have two cats and three dogs.           — Bizda ikki mushuk va uch it bor.
The children play in the garden.           — Bolalar bog'da o'ynaydi.
There are many books on the shelves.       — Tokchalarda ko'p kitob bor.

Topshiriq: matndagi ko'plik otlarni toping; har birining qoidasini (oddiy -s, -es, irregular) ayting.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Irregularga -s: childs, mans, persons, foots, tooths. children, men, people, feet, teeth. Sabab: o'zbekchada har doim "-lar"; inglizchada istisnolar bor — yodlang.

• -y so'ziga to'g'ridan -s: citys, babys. cities, babies (undosh + y → ies).

• Sanalmaydiganni ko'plikka qo'yish: waters, moneys, informations. water, money, information (sanalmaydigan — ko'plik yo'q; A2 da).

• -s ni hamma joyda /s/ deb o'qish: dogs "doks". dogs "dogz" /z/; buses "basiz" /ɪz/.

• people ni birlik deb ishlatish: people is... people are... (ko'plik). one person, many people.

• Songa qo'shilgan ot birlikda qolishi: two book, three cat, five dog. Sabab: o'zbekchada "ikki kitob" — kitob o'zgarmaydi; inglizchada esa ikkidan boshlab ot ham ko'plikda bo'ladi. two books, three cats, five dogs.

• Doim ko'plik otni birlik deb hisoblash: a trouser, my glass is broken (ko'zoynak ma'nosida). trousers, my glasses are broken; sanash uchun a pair of trousers.

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Ko'plikka qo'ying: book → ___, box → ___, city → ___, knife → ___, boy → ___, watch → ___, tomato → ___

Mashq 2. Noto'g'ri ko'plik: man → ___, woman → ___, child → ___, foot → ___, tooth → ___, person → ___, fish → ___

Mashq 3. -s talaffuzi (/s/, /z/ yoki /ɪz/)? cats = ___, dogs = ___, buses = ___, books = ___, boxes = ___

Mashq 4. To'g'rilang: three childs, two mans, many citys, five persons, two foots

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga: Uchta bola = ___ Ikki ayol = ___ Ko'p odam = ___ Mening ikki oyog'im bor. = ___

Mashq 6. To'g'ri variantni tanlang (sanalmaydigan / doim ko'plik): I need (water / waters). He has a lot of (money / moneys). Where (is / are) my glasses? Give me two (rice / kilos of rice). My (trouser / trousers) are new.

10. Amaliy topshiriq (IlmHamroh AI bilan)

1. Yozish: oilangiz yoki xonangizdagi narsalar haqida 5 ta gap yozing, ko'plik otlar bilan (There are three books... two cats...) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. O'yin: IlmHamroh AI birlik ot beradi (child, city, man, box), siz to'g'ri ko'plikni ayting va qoidasini tushuntiring.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: books, boxes, cities, knives, boys, watches, tomatoes. Mashq 2: men, women, children, feet, teeth, people, fish. Mashq 3: cats /s/, dogs /z/, buses /ɪz/, books /s/, boxes /ɪz/. Mashq 4: three children, two men, many cities, five people, two feet. Mashq 5: three children / two women / many people / I have two feet. Mashq 6: water / money / are / kilos of rice / trousers.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

• Oddiy ko'plik: -s (books). -es (s/x/ch/sh/o dan keyin: boxes). -ies (undosh+y: cities). -ves (knife→knives).
• Noto'g'ri (yodlang): man→men, woman→women, child→children, person→people, foot→feet, tooth→teeth.
• O'zgarmaydigan: fish, sheep.
• Doim ko'plik: trousers, glasses, scissors (sanash uchun a pair of).
• Sanalmaydigan (-s YO'Q): water, rice, money, bread, milk.
• Diqqat: ikkidan boshlab ot ham ko'plikda — two books ( two book).
• -s talaffuzi: /s/ (books), /z/ (dogs), /ɪz/ (buses).

Keyingi dars — A1 — 10-dars: Egalik (my, your, his... va 's). Endi "kimning" ekanini bildirishni o'rganamiz: my book (mening kitobim), Ali's car (Alining mashinasi). Bu — egalik olmoshlari va egalik 's belgisi.