And, but, or — ingliz tilida bog'lovchilar: so'z va gaplarni bog'lash, vergul qoidasi (A1, 19b-dars)

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 19b-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

Bu darsda ingliz tilining uchta eng ko'p ishlatiladigan bog'lovchisi (conjunctions) ni o'rganasiz: and (va), but (lekin), or (yoki). Ular so'zlarni (tea and coffee) va butun gaplarni (I like tea, but I don't like coffee) bir-biriga ulaydi.

Hozirgacha siz qisqa, alohida gaplar tuzdingiz: I am a developer. I live in Tashkent. I don't speak French. Bu to'g'ri, lekin robotdek eshitiladi. Bog'lovchi bilan: I am a developer and I live in Tashkent. I speak English, but I don't speak French. — nutq birdan tabiiy va ravon bo'ladi.

Real hayotda nega kerak: kafeda — "Tea or coffee?"; o'zingizni tanishtirishda — "I'm 19 and I study programming."; intervyuda — "I don't have much experience, but I learn fast." Bu uch so'z ingliz tilidagi eng ko'p ishlatiladigan 50 so'z ichida.

O'xshatish: bog'lovchi — gaplar orasidagi ko'prik. and — "yana qo'shaman" ko'prigi (), but — "lekin, teskarisi" ko'prigi (↔), or — "birini tanlang" ko'prigi (). Qaysi ko'prikni tanlasangiz, ma'no shunga qarab o'zgaradi.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 19-dars: sifatlar — a big red car, The car is big. Bugun ko'rasiz: to be dan keyin ikki sifat and bilan bog'lanadi: The car is big and red.
• 17-dars: there is / there are — There is a table and two chairs.
• 15-dars: inkor — I don't like... — but bilan ko'p birga keladi: I like tea, but I don't like coffee.
• Tez mashq: (small / black / a / phone) → ___ — javob: a small black phone.

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. Uch asosiy bog'lovchi — umumiy ko'rinish

and  — qo'shish     (➕)  va, hamda, -u/-yu     tea and coffee
but  — qarama-qarshi (↔️) lekin, ammo, biroq    cheap but good
or   — tanlov       (❓)  yoki, yo              tea or coffee?

Uchalasi ham ikki xil narsani bog'lay oladi:

1. So'zlarni (ot, sifat, fe'l): bread and butter, small but fast, walk or run.
2. Butun gaplarni (ega + kesim bor): I work, and my wife studies.

3.2. AND — qo'shish ("va")

So'zlarni bog'lash:

Ali and Vali              — Ali va Vali
tea and bread             — choy va non (non-u choy)
big and beautiful         — katta va chiroyli
I read and write English. — Men inglizcha o'qiyman va yozaman.

Gaplarni bog'lash:

I work in Tashkent and my brother works in Samarkand.
— Men Toshkentda ishlayman, akam esa Samarqandda ishlaydi.
I get up at seven and (I) have breakfast.
— Yettida turaman va nonushta qilaman.

Oltin qoida — ega bir xil bo'lsa, takrorlanmaydi: I get up and I have breakfast → I get up and have breakfast. Ikkinchi I tushib qolishi mumkin va bu tabiiyroq eshitiladi.

Ro'yxat — uch va undan ko'p narsa: vergul bilan ajratiladi, oxirgisidan oldin and:

I like apples, bananas and oranges.     — Olma, banan va apelsinni yoqtiraman.
I speak Uzbek, Russian and English.     — O'zbekcha, ruscha va inglizcha gapiraman.

Diqqat — "and" faqat oxirgisidan oldin: apples and bananas and oranges (, bolalar nutqi), apples, bananas and oranges (). Amerikacha yozuvda ko'pincha and dan oldin ham vergul qo'yiladi: apples, bananas, and oranges ("Oxford comma") — ikkalasi ham to'g'ri.

3.3. AND va o'zbekcha "va / -u / bilan"

O'zbekchada "qo'shish" uchun bir nechta vosita bor, inglizchada deyarli hammasi — and:

O'ZBEKCHA                        INGLIZCHA
choy va non                  →   tea and bread
non-u choy                   →   bread and tea
Ali bilan Vali keldi.        →   Ali and Vali came.     (bilan = and!)
Men akam bilan futbol o'ynayman. →  My brother and I play football.
                                    I play football with my brother.

Diqqat — "bilan" tuzog'i: o'zbekcha "Ali bilan Vali" = ikki kishi birga ega. Inglizchada bu and: Ali and Vali. with esa "birga, hamrohlikda" degani va odatda gap oxirida keladi: I play football with my brother. I with my brother play football () — bu so'zma-so'z tarjima.

Native siri — "I" oxirida: o'zingizni boshqa odam bilan birga aytganda, xushmuomalalik uchun o'zingizni oxiriga qo'ying: My brother and I live in Tashkent. Kundalik nutqda Me and my brother... ham eshitiladi, lekin bu norasmiy; yozma va intervyuda My brother and I ishlating.

3.4. BUT — qarama-qarshilik ("lekin")

but ikki teskari yoki kutilmagan fikrni bog'laydi:

The phone is cheap but good.            — Telefon arzon, lekin yaxshi.
I like tea, but I don't like coffee.    — Choyni yoqtiraman, lekin kofeni yoqtirmayman.
He is young, but he is very clever.     — U yosh, lekin juda aqlli.
I can swim, but I can't dive.           — Suza olaman, lekin sho'ng'iy olmayman.
It's sunny, but it's cold.              — Quyoshli, lekin sovuq.

Oltin qoida: but dan oldin va keyin qarama-qarshi narsa bo'lishi kerak. I like tea, and I don't like coffee ( — mantiq bor, lekin ingliz qulog'iga g'alati) → I like tea, but I don't like coffee (). Ijobiy + inkor gapni bog'lasangiz, deyarli har doim but kerak.

O'zbekchada "lekin, ammo, biroq" — uchalasi ham but. "Ammo" va "biroq" rasmiyroq, lekin inglizchada A1 darajasida hammasi uchun but yetadi (rasmiy however — B2 da).

Diqqat: og'zaki nutqda gap But... bilan boshlanishi mumkin: "I want to go. But I'm tired." Bu xato emas. Lekin A1 da ikki fikrni bitta gapda vergul + but bilan bog'lashni odat qiling.

3.5. OR — tanlov ("yoki")

Tanlov savoli — javob "ha/yo'q" emas, variantlardan biri:

Tea or coffee?                          — Choymi yoki kofe?
Do you want tea or coffee? — Coffee, please.
                                        — Choy xohlaysizmi yoki kofe? — Kofe, iltimos.
Is he a student or a teacher? — He's a teacher.
                                        — U talabami yoki o'qituvchi? — O'qituvchi.
Do you work or study? — I study.        — Ishlaysizmi yoki o'qiysizmi? — O'qiyman.

Diqqat — tanlov savoliga "Yes" demang: Tea or coffee? — Yes. () — bu kulgili javob. Variantni ayting: Coffee, please. / Tea, thanks. / Neither, thanks. (hech birini).

O'zbekchada tanlov savoli ko'pincha "-mi ... -mi" bilan: "Choymi, kofemi?" Inglizchada "-mi" yo'q — faqat or: Tea or coffee?

Darak gapda tanlov:

You can pay by card or in cash.     — Karta yoki naqd pul bilan to'lashingiz mumkin.
We can meet on Monday or Tuesday.   — Dushanba yoki seshanba uchrashishimiz mumkin.

3.6. Inkor gapda — "not ... or"

O'zbekchada: "Men choy ham, kofe ham ichmayman" yoki "Na choy, na kofe ichaman". Inglizchada eng oddiy yo'l — inkor gap + or:

I don't drink tea or coffee.        — Men choy ham, kofe ham ichmayman.
She doesn't eat meat or fish.       — U go'sht ham, baliq ham yemaydi.
We don't have a car or a bike.      — Bizda mashina ham, velosiped ham yo'q.

Nega "and" emas? I don't drink tea and coffee — ingliz qulog'iga noaniq eshitiladi ("ikkalasini birga ichmayman" kabi). Inkorda ikki narsaning hech birini demoqchi bo'lsangiz — or. (Rasmiyroq neither ... nor — B1 da.)

3.7. Vergul qoidasi — qisqa jadval

HOLAT                                  MISOL
2 ta so'z — vergul YO'Q                tea and coffee | cheap but good
3+ so'z (ro'yxat) — vergul BOR         tea, coffee and juice
2 ta to'liq gap + but — vergul BOR     I like tea, but I don't like coffee.
2 ta to'liq gap + and/or — ixtiyoriy   I work(,) and my wife studies.
Qisqa va ega bir xil — vergul YO'Q     I get up and have breakfast.

Sodda tayanch: but dan oldin (ikki to'liq gap bo'lsa) — vergul qo'ying. and bilan qisqa gaplarda vergulsiz ham bo'ladi. Vergul bog'lovchidan oldin turadi, keyin emas: I like tea, but... (), I like tea but, ... ().

3.8. Sifatlar bilan and (19-dars bilan bog'lanish)

OTDAN OLDIN (ikki sifat):     a big red car          — and odatda YO'Q
TO BE DAN KEYIN (ikki sifat): The car is big and red. — and KERAK

The car is big red () → The car is big and red (). He is tall and friendly. The app is fast and easy.

Mini-mashq (3.2–3.8): and, but yoki or?

1) I have a cat ___ a dog.
2) She is rich, ___ she isn't happy.
3) Is it Monday ___ Tuesday today?
4) I don't eat meat ___ fish.

Javob: 1) and 2) but 3) or 4) or.

4. Misollar

AND:
  My name is Aziz and I'm from Bukhara.     — Ismim Aziz, Buxorodanman.
  She reads and writes every day.           — U har kuni o'qiydi va yozadi.
  There is a bed, a desk and a chair.       — Karavot, stol va stul bor.

BUT:
  The flat is small but comfortable.        — Kvartira kichik, lekin qulay.
  I speak Russian, but I don't write it.    — Ruscha gapiraman, lekin yozmayman.
  My job is hard, but I love it.            — Ishim og'ir, lekin uni juda yaxshi ko'raman.

OR:
  Do you want rice or pasta?                — Guruch xohlaysizmi yoki makaron?
  Is your office big or small?              — Ofisingiz kattami yoki kichik?
  You can call or write.                    — Qo'ng'iroq qilishingiz yoki yozishingiz mumkin.

INKOR + OR:
  I don't smoke or drink.                   — Chekmayman ham, ichmayman ham.
  He can't swim or ride a bike.             — U suza ham, velosiped hayday ham olmaydi.

DASTURCHI UCHUN:
  I know Python and JavaScript.             — Python va JavaScript'ni bilaman.
  The code is short but clear.              — Kod qisqa, lekin tushunarli.
  Is it a bug or a feature?                 — Bu xatomi yoki imkoniyat? (hazil ibora)

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

Bog'lovchilar gapda urg'usiz — ular zaif shaklda (weak form) aytiladi (2-dars: schwa /ə/):

• and — to'liq /ænd/ "end", zaif /ən/ yoki hatto /n/: fish and chips → "fish ən chips", rock and roll → "rok n rol".
• but — to'liq /bʌt/ "bat", zaif /bət/: small but fast → "smo:l bət fa:st".
• or — to'liq /ɔː/ "o:", zaif /ə/: tea or coffee → "ti: ə kofi".
• Linking: black and white → "blekən wayt" (so'zlar qo'shilib ketadi).

Native siri — tanlov savoli ohangi: Tea or coffee? — birinchi variant ko'tariladi (↗), oxirgisi tushadi (↘): Tea ↗ or coffee ↘? Agar oxiri ham ko'tarilsa (Tea or coffee ↗?), bu "choy-poy biror narsa xohlaysizmi?" degan ha/yo'q savolga aylanadi.

Topshiriq: bread and butter, salt and pepper, tea or coffee, small but fast — zaif shakllar bilan 5 martadan ayting. Youglish'da "fish and chips" ni qidirib, and qanchalik qisqa eshitilishini tinglang va shadowing qiling.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

Native siri — qotib qolgan juftlar (binomials): salt and pepper, bread and butter, black and white, ladies and gentlemen, fish and chips — bu juftliklarning tartibi qat'iy. pepper and salt yoki white and black deyilmaydi. O'zbekchada ham shunday: "non-tuz", "ota-ona" ("ona-ota" emas). Bunday juftlarni bir butun ibora sifatida yodlang.

Kollokatsiya: and so on (va hokazo), or so (taxminan: ten minutes or so), but also (balki... ham — B1), pay by card or in cash.

7. Dialog — kafeda + qisqa matn

Waiter: Good morning! Tea or coffee?
        — Xayrli tong! Choymi yoki kofe?
Dilnoza: Coffee, please. Black, no sugar.
        — Kofe, iltimos. Qora, shakarsiz.
Waiter: Small or large?
        — Kichikmi yoki katta?
Dilnoza: Large, please. And a sandwich.
        — Katta, iltimos. Va bitta sendvich.
Waiter: Sorry, we don't have sandwiches, but we have croissants and cakes.
        — Kechirasiz, sendvich yo'q, lekin kruassan va keklar bor.
Dilnoza: A croissant, please. Can I pay by card or in cash?
        — Bitta kruassan, iltimos. Karta bilan to'lasam bo'ladimi yoki naqdmi?
Waiter: Card or cash — both are fine.
        — Karta ham, naqd ham — ikkalasi ham bo'ladi.

Qisqa o'qish matni:

My brother and I live in Tashkent. He is a doctor and I am a developer.
— Akam va men Toshkentda yashaymiz. U shifokor, men esa dasturchiman.
He works a lot, but he is always happy.
— U ko'p ishlaydi, lekin doim xursand.
We don't have a car or a bike, but the metro is near our flat.
— Bizda mashina ham, velosiped ham yo'q, lekin metro kvartiramizga yaqin.
At the weekend we play football or watch films.
— Dam olish kunlari futbol o'ynaymiz yoki film ko'ramiz.

Topshiriq: dialog va matndagi har bir and / but / or ni toping va har biri nimani bog'layotganini ayting (so'z yoki gap). Keyin o'z oilangiz haqida shunday 4 gap yozing.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• "bilan" ni with deb tarjima qilish (ega o'rnida): I with my brother play football. Ali with Vali came. Sabab: o'zbekcha "akam bilan" so'zma-so'z tarjimasi. My brother and I play football. / I play football with my brother. / Ali and Vali came.

• Qarama-qarshilikda and: The phone is cheap and it isn't good. Sabab: o'zbekcha "va" ni universal bog'lovchi deb o'ylash. The phone is cheap, but it isn't good. (ijobiy ↔ salbiy — but).

• Tanlov savoliga Yes/No: Tea or coffee? — Yes, please. Coffee, please. / Tea, thanks.

• Inkorda and: I don't like tea and coffee. I don't like tea or coffee. (hech birini — or).

• Har so'z orasida and: I speak Uzbek and Russian and English. I speak Uzbek, Russian and English. (vergul + oxirida and).

• Vergulni bog'lovchidan keyin qo'yish: I like tea but, I don't like coffee. I like tea, but I don't like coffee. (vergul but dan oldin).

• to be dan keyin ikki sifatni and siz: The room is small clean. The room is small and clean. (otdan oldin esa: a small clean room — and shart emas).

• "ham ... ham" kalkasi: I have and a cat and a dog. Sabab: o'zbekcha "ham mushugim, ham itim bor" ni so'zma-so'z ko'chirish. I have a cat and a dog. (yoki kuchaytirib: I have both a cat and a dog.)

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. and, but yoki or ni qo'ying:

1) I have two sisters ___ one brother.
2) The hotel is old, ___ it's very clean.
3) Do you want tea ___ juice?
4) He speaks English ___ German.
5) I like cats, ___ I don't like dogs.
6) We can go by bus ___ by taxi.
7) She doesn't eat meat ___ fish.
8) The film is long ___ boring.

Mashq 2. Ikki gapni bitta gapga bog'lang (and / but):

1) I live in Samarkand. My sister lives in Tashkent.
2) The laptop is fast. It is expensive.
3) He gets up at six. He goes to the gym.
4) I can read English. I can't speak it well.

Mashq 3. Tanlov savoliga javob bering (variantni tanlang):

1) Tea or coffee?                       → ___
2) Is your flat big or small?           → ___
3) Do you work or study?                → ___
4) Do you want to pay by card or in cash? → ___

Mashq 4. Vergullarni kerakli joyga qo'ying (kerak bo'lmasa — o'zgartirmang):

1) I like apples bananas and grapes.
2) I like tea but I don't like coffee.
3) I get up and have breakfast.
4) We need bread milk eggs and cheese.

Mashq 5. Xatolarni to'g'rilang:

1) I with my friend go to the cinema.
2) Tea or coffee? — Yes.
3) I don't drink tea and coffee.
4) The car is big red.
5) I like tea but, I don't like milk.
6) She is poor and she is happy.

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1) Choy va non, iltimos.
2) U yosh, lekin juda tajribali.
3) Choymi yoki kofe?
4) Men go'sht ham, baliq ham yemayman.
5) Akam va men futbol o'ynaymiz.
6) Men o'zbekcha, ruscha va inglizcha gapiraman.

Mashq 7. Inglizchadan o'zbekchaga:

1) The flat is small but comfortable.
2) We can meet on Monday or Tuesday.
3) My sister and I live with our parents.

10. Amaliy topshiriq (IlmHamroh AI bilan)

Maqsad: and, but, or bilan qisqa gaplarni ravon, bog'langan nutqqa aylantirish va tanlov savollariga to'g'ri javob berish.

Vazifa:

1. "Men haqimda" — bog'langan versiya: o'zingiz haqingizda 6 ta gap yozing; har gapda and, but yoki or bo'lsin (kamida 2 ta but, 1 ta ro'yxat, 1 ta not ... or). "Tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. Kafe rol o'yini: "Kafe" deb yozing — men ofitsiantman va Tea or coffee? Small or large? Card or cash? deb so'rayman; siz variantni tanlab, to'liq javob berasiz.
3. Qarama-qarshi fikr: 4 ta narsa haqida (shahringiz, telefoningiz, ishingiz/o'qishingiz, ingliz tili) bittadan but li gap yozing: My city is big, but it's quiet.

"Tayyor" mezonlari:

• Ijobiy ↔ salbiy fikr but bilan bog'langan (and emas).
• Ro'yxatda vergul + oxirida and.
• Inkorda hech birini demoqchi bo'lganda or (I don't drink tea or coffee).
• Tanlov savoliga Yes/No emas, variant bilan javob.
• "bilan" → ega o'rnida and (My brother and I), hamrohlikda with.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: 1) and 2) but 3) or 4) and 5) but 6) or 7) or 8) and (ikkalasi ham salbiy — qo'shish). Mashq 2: 1) I live in Samarkand, and my sister lives in Tashkent. 2) The laptop is fast, but it is expensive. 3) He gets up at six and goes to the gym. 4) I can read English, but I can't speak it well. Mashq 3: (namuna) 1) Coffee, please. / Tea, please. 2) It's small. / It's big. 3) I study. / I work. 4) By card, please. / In cash. — muhimi: Yes/No emas, variant. Mashq 4: 1) I like apples, bananas and grapes. 2) I like tea, but I don't like coffee. 3) (o'zgarmaydi) I get up and have breakfast. 4) We need bread, milk, eggs and cheese. Mashq 5: 1) My friend and I go to the cinema. / I go to the cinema with my friend. 2) Coffee, please. (yoki Tea, please.) 3) I don't drink tea or coffee. 4) The car is big and red. 5) I like tea, but I don't like milk. 6) She is poor, but she is happy. Mashq 6: 1) Tea and bread, please. 2) He/She is young, but very experienced. 3) Tea or coffee? 4) I don't eat meat or fish. 5) My brother and I play football. 6) I speak Uzbek, Russian and English. Mashq 7: 1) Kvartira kichik, lekin qulay. 2) Dushanba yoki seshanba kuni uchrashishimiz mumkin. 3) Opam (singlim) va men ota-onamiz bilan yashaymiz.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

AND — qo'shish (va, -u, bilan)    tea and coffee | I work and my wife studies.
BUT — qarama-qarshi (lekin, ammo)  cheap but good | I like tea, but I don't like coffee.
OR  — tanlov (yoki, -mi...-mi)     Tea or coffee? — Coffee, please.
  Ro'yxat:  A, B and C (vergul + oxirgisidan oldin and)
  Inkor:    I don't drink tea or coffee. (and emas!)
  Vergul:   ..., but ... (bog'lovchidan OLDIN)
  to be + 2 sifat: The car is big and red.
  "bilan":  Ali and Vali (ega) | with my brother (hamrohlik)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

• and qo'shadi, but qarama-qarshi qo'yadi, or tanlov beradi.
• Ijobiy + inkor fikr → but (and emas).
• Tanlov savoliga variant bilan javob bering (Coffee, please).
• Inkorda "hech biri" → not ... or.
• O'zbekcha "bilan" ega o'rnida → and; "birga" ma'nosida → with.

Bog'lanish: bu uch bog'lovchi A2 da because, so, although bilan kengayadi — sabab va natijani bog'lash (A2, 19-dars: Conjunctions — because, so, but); B1 da both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor; B2 da rasmiy however, therefore. Yozish va gapirishning ravonligi aynan shu "ko'priklar"ga bog'liq.

Keyingi dars — A1 — 20-dars: can / can't (qobiliyat, ruxsat, iltimos). Endi "qila olaman / qila olmayman" deyishni o'rganamiz: I can swim, but I can't dive. — bugungi but bilan birga birinchi modal fe'l.

Manba

R. Murphy, "Essential Grammar in Use" (and, but, or, so, because); Cambridge Dictionary — "and", "but", "or"; British Council LearnEnglish — "Conjunctions" / "Linking words".