Ingliz tilida egalik — my, your, his, her va 's (A1, 10-dars)

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 10-dars

1. Dars nomi va maqsad

Bu darsda "kimning" ekanini bildirishni o'rganasiz: my book (mening kitobim), Ali's car (Alining mashinasi). Ikki usul bor:

• egalik olmoshlari (my, your, his, her, its, our, their),
• egalik 's (Ali**'s**, the dog**'s**).

Bu darsdan keyin siz narsalarning egasini to'g'ri ayta olasiz. Bu — kundalik nutqda juda ko'p kerak.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 9-dars: ko'plik — -s/-es/-ies/-ves; irregular (children, men, people, feet).
• Tez mashq: child → ?, man → ?, city → ?, knife → ?

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. Egalik olmoshlari (possessive adjectives)

Har shaxs olmoshining egalik shakli bor. Otdan oldin keladi:

This is my book.       — Bu mening kitobim.
Where is your phone?   — Sening telefoning qayerda?
His name is Ali.       — Uning ismi Ali. (erkak)
Her name is Madina.    — Uning ismi Madina. (ayol)

DIQQAT — his vs her (jins!): o'zbekchada "uning" hamma uchun bir xil. Inglizchada egaga qarab: erkak egasi → his, ayol egasi → her. Ali and his book (Ali — erkak → his), Madina and her book (Madina — ayol → her). Bu — o'zbeklarning eng ko'p xatosi.

Olmosh mosligi (kim → qaysi egalik): egalik shakli egasining olmoshiga qarab tanlanadi. Ya'ni avval "bu kim/nima?" deb egasini toping, keyin unga mos egalikni qo'ying:

• he (u — erkak) → his: He has a bag → his bag.
• she (u — ayol) → her: She has a phone → her phone.
• it (u — narsa/hayvon) → its: The cat has a tail → its tail.
• we (biz) → our, they (ular) → their, I (men) → my, you (siz) → your.

Muhim: egalik shakli narsaga (kitob, telefon) emas, balki egasiga bog'liq. Shuning uchun his book va his books — ikkalasida ham his (chunki egasi erkak). Narsa birlik yoki ko'plik bo'lishi his/herni o'zgartirmaydi.

3.2. Egalik 's (otlar uchun)

Odam yoki jonli narsaning egaligini bildirish uchun otga 's qo'shiladi:

Ali's car        — Alining mashinasi
the dog's tail   — itning dumi
my mother's name — onamning ismi

Tuzilish: EGA + 's + NARSA (o'zbekcha tartibga teskari emas — ega oldinda):

Ali's book = Alining kitobi   (Ali = ega, book = narsa)

Ko'plik egalik — apostrof o'rni (birlik/ko'plik farqi): apostrof qayerga tushishi egasi birlik yoki ko'plik ekaniga bog'liq. Bu — juda ko'p e'tibordan chetda qoladigan nozik joy:

• Birlik ega (bitta talaba) → apostrof -s dan oldin: the student's* book* (bitta talabaning kitobi).
• Ko'plik ega (ko'p talaba, ot allaqachon -s bilan tugagan) → faqat apostrof, -s dan keyin: the students'* books* (ko'p talabaning kitoblari).

Ya'ni student's va students' — talaffuzda bir xil eshitiladi, lekin ma'nosi boshqa (bitta vs ko'p). Yozuvda apostrof o'rni ma'noni belgilaydi:

the student's book    — bitta talabaning kitobi (apostrof -s dan oldin)
the students' books   — ko'p talabaning kitoblari (apostrof -s dan keyin)
my parents' house     — ota-onamning uyi (parents ko'plik → apostrof oxirida)

Irregular ko'plik (-s bilan tugamaydi: children, men, women, people) → apostrof -s dan oldin, xuddi birlikdek:

the children's toys   — bolalarning o'yinchoqlari (children -s siz → 's)
the men's room        — erkaklar xonasi
the women's team      — ayollar jamoasi

Qoida: ot -s bilan tugasa → faqat apostrof (students'). Ot -s bilan tugamasa (birlik yoki irregular ko'plik) → 's (student's, children's).

3.3. its vs it's — ENG KO'P CHALKASHLIK

Bu ikkitasi bir xil eshitiladi, lekin butunlay boshqa:

• its — egalik ("uning"): The cat licks its paw. (mushuk o'z panjasini yalaydi)
• it's — it is qisqartmasi: It's a cat. (bu mushuk)

its = uning (egalik, apostrofsiz)
it's = it is (qisqartma, apostrof bilan)

Tekshirish: "it is" deb ochilsa → it's. Aks holda → its.

3.4. of bilan egalik (narsalar uchun) — 's yoki of?

Egalikni ikki xil bildirsa bo'ladi, va tanlov egasi jonli yoki jonsizligiga bog'liq:

• Jonli (odam, hayvon) → 's: Ali's car, the dog's tail, my mother's name.
• Jonsiz (narsa, buyum) → ko'pincha of the: the door of the car, the name of the book.

Jonsiz narsalarda ko'pincha 's o'rniga of ishlatiladi:

the door of the car   — mashinaning eshigi
the name of the book  — kitobning nomi
the end of the film   — filmning oxiri
the top of the page   — sahifaning yuqorisi

Qoida (A1 uchun sodda): ega odam/hayvon bo'lsa → 's (Ali's, the cat's). Ega narsa bo'lsa → of the (the leg of the table, the top of the box). the table's leg emas, balki the leg of the table. Bu — o'zbek so'zlovchilar uchun foydali oddiy chegara (keyingi darajalarda istisnolar ham bor, lekin A1 da shu qoidaga amal qiling).

3.5. Whose? — "kimning?" savoli

Egalikni so'rash uchun Whose...? (kimning?) ishlatiladi. U egasini so'raydi:

Whose phone is this?   — Bu kimning telefoni?
Whose bag is that?     — Anavi sumka kimniki?
Whose books are these? — Bular kimning kitoblari?

Tuzilish: Whose + NARSA + is/are + this/that...? Javobda egalik olmoshi yoki 's ishlatiladi:

Whose phone is this?  →  It's my phone.  /  It's Ali's phone.
Whose car is that?    →  It's her car.   /  It's my father's car.

DIQQAT — whose ≠ who's: ikkalasi bir xil eshitiladi /huːz/, lekin:

• whose — "kimning?" (egalik savoli): Whose bag is this?
• who's — who is qisqartmasi: Who's that? (U kim?).

Xuddi its / it's kabi: apostrofsiz shakl (whose) — egalik; apostrofli shakl (who's) — qisqartma.

4. Misollar

egalik olmoshlari:
  My name is Ali. His sister is a doctor. Their house is big.
  This is her phone. Our teacher is kind. The dog wags its tail.

egalik 's:
  This is Ali's car.            — Bu Alining mashinasi.
  My sister's name is Madina.   — Singlimning ismi Madina.
  The students' classroom is here. — Talabalarning sinfi shu yerda.
  The children's books are new. — Bolalarning kitoblari yangi.

whose savoli:
  Whose pen is this? — It's my pen.  — Bu kimning ruchkasi? — Bu mening ruchkam.
  Whose keys are these? — They're her keys. — Bular kimning kalitlari? — Bular uning kalitlari.

Mini-mashq (bir zumda): he/she/it egasiga qaysi egalik mos? — he → ?, she → ?, it → ? Javob: he → his, she → her, it → its.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• his /hɪz/ "hiz", her /hɜː/ "hə:", their /ðeə/ "ðeə", our /ˈaʊə/ "auə".
• its va it's — bir xil eshitiladi /ɪts/.
• 's talaffuzi (ko'plikdek): /s/, /z/, /ɪz/: the cat's "kets" (/s/), Ali's "aliz" (/z/), George's "jo:jiz" (/ɪz/).
• their / there / they're — uchchasi bir xil /ðeə/ (homofon) — yozuvda farqlang!

Topshiriq: my, your, his, her, its, our, their — ayting; Ali's, the dog's, the students' — egalik 's ni mashq qiling.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

7. Dialog

A: Whose phone is this?            — Bu kimning telefoni?
B: It's my phone. Thank you!       — Bu mening telefonim. Rahmat!
A: And whose bag is that?          — Anavi sumka kimniki?
B: That's Ali's bag. He's my friend. — Bu Alining sumkasi. U mening do'stim.
A: What's his sister's name?       — Uning singlisining ismi nima?
B: Her name is Madina. She's a doctor. — Uning ismi Madina. U shifokor.

Topshiriq: dialogni o'qing; his (Ali) va her (Madina) nega ishlatilganini ayting.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• his / her ni jinsga qarab tanlamaslik: Madina and his book, Ali and her car. Madina and her book (ayol), Ali and his car (erkak). Sabab: o'zbekchada "uning" jinssiz; inglizchada egaga qarab.

• its va it's ni aralashtirish: The cat licks it's paw. its paw (egalik). It's a cat (= it is).

• Egalik tartibini buzish: the book of Ali, car Ali's. Ali's book, Ali's car (ega + 's + narsa).

• Ko'plik egalikda 's: the students's books. the students' books (ot -s bilan tugasa, faqat apostrof).

• their / there / they're ni chalkashtirish (yozuvda). their (ularning), there (u yerda), they're (they are).

• whose va who's ni aralashtirish: Who's bag is this? Whose bag is this? (kimning — egalik). Who's your teacher? (= who is — kim).

• Apostrof o'rnini adashtirish (birlik/ko'plik): the student's books are new (aslida ko'p talaba nazarda tutilsa). Bitta talaba → the student's book; ko'p talaba → the students' books (apostrof -s dan keyin).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. To'g'ri egalik olmoshi (my/your/his/her/its/our/their):

I have a book. ___ book is new.
Ali has a car. ___ car is red.
Madina has a phone. ___ phone is black.
We have a house. ___ house is big.
The cat has a tail. ___ tail is long.

Mashq 2. 's yoki ' qo'ying: Ali ___ book, the students ___ class, my mother ___ name, the children ___ toys

Mashq 3. its yoki it's? ___ a nice day. The dog wags ___ tail. ___ my friend. The car and ___ doors.

Mashq 4. To'g'rilang: Madina and his book., the book of Ali., the students's room., The cat licks it's paw.

Mashq 5. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga: Bu mening telefonim. = ___ Alining mashinasi qizil. = ___ Uning ismi Madina. = ___ (ayol) Bolalarning kitoblari yangi. = ___

Mashq 6. whose yoki who's? ___ bag is this? ___ your teacher? ___ car is that? ___ at the door?

Mashq 7. Apostrof to'g'ri joyda? Birlik yoki ko'plik egaligini tanlang: bitta bolaning o'yinchog'i = the child___ toy ko'p bolaning o'yinchoqlari = the children___ toys bitta talabaning kitobi = the student___ book ko'p talabaning kitoblari = the students___ books

10. Amaliy topshiriq (IlmHamroh AI bilan)

1. Yozish: oilangiz a'zolari haqida 5 ta gap yozing, egalik bilan (My father's car... Her name... His job...) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. O'yin: men narsa va ega beraman (Ali / car, Madina / phone, the cat / tail), siz egalik bilan ayting (Ali's car, her phone, its tail).

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: My / His / Her / Our / Its. Mashq 2: Ali's book, the students' class, my mother's name, the children's toys. Mashq 3: It's a nice day. / its tail / It's my friend. / its doors. Mashq 4: Madina and her book. / Ali's book. / the students' room. / The cat licks its paw. Mashq 5: This is my phone. / Ali's car is red. / Her name is Madina. / The children's books are new. Mashq 6: Whose bag is this? / Who's your teacher? / Whose car is that? / Who's at the door? Mashq 7: the child**'s** toy / the children**'s** toys / the student**'s** book / the students**'** books.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

• Egalik olmoshlari: my, your, his, her, its, our, their (otdan oldin).
• his (erkak egasi) vs her (ayol egasi) — jinsga qarab!
• Egalik 's: Ali's book; ko'plik -s da faqat apostrof: students'; irregular: children's.
• its (egalik) ≠ it's (it is).
• Narsalar uchun of ham: the door of the car.

Keyingi dars — A1 — 10b-dars: Object pronouns (me, you, him, her, it, us, them). Endi "meni", "unga", "biz bilan" deyishni o'rganamiz: Help me. Look at her. This is for you. — olmosh gapdagi o'rniga qarab shaklini qanday o'zgartirishi (I → me, he → him).