How much va How many — farqi, narx so'rash va misollar (A1, 12b-dars)

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 12b-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

12-darsda sonlarni va narxni aytishni o'rgandik (How much is it? — It's five dollars). Endi bir qadam oldinga: "nechta?" va "qancha?" degan savollarni to'g'ri berishni o'rganamiz.

Ingliz tilida buning uchun ikki xil savol bor:

• How many...? — nechta? (sanab bo'ladigan narsalar: olma, kitob, odam);
• How much...? — qancha? (sanab bo'lmaydigan narsalar: suv, pul, vaqt) va narx.

Real hayotda nega kerak: bozor va do'konda (How much are the apples?), oilangiz haqida gapirganda (How many people are in your family?), ishda (How many developers are in your team? How much time is left?) — bu savollar har kuni kerak bo'ladi.

O'xshatish: o'zbekchada ham shunga o'xshash farq bor: nechta (nechta olma?) va qancha (qancha suv?). How many ≈ nechta, How much ≈ qancha. Faqat bir tuzoq bor: o'zbekchada "qancha" ni sanaladigan narsaga ham ishlatamiz (qancha odam?), inglizchada esa bunday qilib bo'lmaydi — odam sanaladi, demak How many people.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 9-dars: ko'plik — book → books, child → children, person → people.
• 11-dars: this / these — How much is this? How much are these?
• 12-dars: sonlar va narx — twenty dollars, fifteen thousand so'm, five ninety-nine.
• Tez mashq: so'z bilan yozing — $15, 30 ta talaba, 2,000 so'm. (fifteen dollars, thirty students, two thousand so'm)

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. Sanaladigan otlar (countable nouns)

Sanaladigan ot — oldiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri son qo'yib bo'ladigan narsa. Ularning ko'pligi bor (-s, -es yoki irregular):

one apple    → three apples       — bitta olma → uchta olma
one book     → ten books          — bitta kitob → o'nta kitob
one brother  → two brothers       — bitta aka → ikki aka
one person   → five people        — bitta odam → besh kishi
one dollar   → twenty dollars     — bir dollar → yigirma dollar

Birlikda ular oldiga a/an oladi (7-dars): an apple, a book.

3.2. Sanalmaydigan otlar (uncountable nouns)

Sanalmaydigan ot — alohida donalarga bo'linmaydigan narsa: suyuqlik, modda, mavhum tushuncha. Ularning ko'pligi yo'q va a/an olmaydi:

water  — suv        milk   — sut        tea    — choy
coffee — kofe       sugar  — shakar     rice   — guruch
bread  — non        money  — pul        time   — vaqt

✗ a water, two waters, a money, moneys
✓ water, some water (A2), a bottle of water (bir shisha suv)

Diqqat — money tuzog'i: dollar sanaladi (five dollars), lekin money sanalmaydi (moneys ). O'zbekchada "pullar" deymiz, inglizchada esa har doim birlik: Where is my money? (Where are my moneys? ).

Diqqat — bread tuzog'i: o'zbekchada non sanaladi (ikkita non), inglizchada esa bread sanalmaydi: two breads (). Nonni sanash uchun maxsus so'z kerak — two loaves of bread (ikki bo'lka non). Buni A2 da batafsil o'rganamiz.

Tez sinov: ot oldiga son qo'yib ko'ring. three apples — tabiiy () → sanaladi. three waters — g'alati () → sanalmaydi.

Native siri: kafeda a coffee, two teas, three waters deyish mumkin — bu yerda "bir chashka kofe", "ikki stakan choy" nazarda tutiladi: Two coffees, please. (). Bu — buyurtma qilishdagi maxsus holat; umumiy qoida o'zgarmaydi.

3.3. How many + ko'plik ot — "nechta?"

How many faqat sanaladigan ot bilan, va ot ko'plikda turadi:

How many + KO'PLIK OT + are + ...?

How many students are in your class?  — Sinfingizda nechta talaba bor?
How many people are in your family?   — Oilangizda necha kishi bor?
How many books are on the table?      — Stolda nechta kitob bor?
How many apples are in the bag?       — Sumkada nechta olma bor?

Javob — oddiy son:

How many people are in your family? — Five. / There are five people. / There are five of us.

Diqqat — ot ko'plikda! O'zbekchada son yoki "nechta" dan keyin ot birlikda qoladi: nechta aka? uchta kitob. Inglizchada esa ko'plik qo'shimchasi majburiy: How many brother*s? three books*.

Boshqa tuzilmalar (oldindan tanishuv): How many bilan yana ikki ko'p ishlatiladigan savol bor. Ularni hozir tayyor ibora sifatida qabul qiling — grammatikasini keyingi darslarda o'rganamiz:

How many brothers do you have?       — Nechta akangiz bor?   (Present Simple savoli — 15-dars)
How many brothers have you got?      — Nechta akangiz bor?   (have got — 22-dars)
How many rooms are there in your flat? — Kvartirangizda nechta xona bor? (there are — 17-dars)

3.4. How much + sanalmaydigan ot — "qancha?"

How much — sanalmaydigan ot bilan; ot birlikda, fe'l ham birlikda (is):

How much + SANALMAYDIGAN OT + is + ...?

How much water is in the bottle?   — Shishada qancha suv bor?
How much sugar is in your tea?     — Choyingizda qancha shakar bor?
How much milk is in the fridge?    — Muzlatkichda qancha sut bor?
How much money is in your wallet?  — Hamyoningizda qancha pul bor?

Javob — miqdor, yoki umumiy baho:

A lot.            — Ko'p.
Not much.         — Ko'p emas.
One litre.        — Bir litr.
Two spoons.       — Ikki qoshiq.
Fifty dollars.    — Ellik dollar.

3.5. How much — narx so'rash (12-dars bilan bog'lanish)

How much ning ikkinchi, eng ko'p ishlatiladigan vazifasi — narx so'rash. Bu yerda ot sanaladimi yoki yo'qmi — farqi yo'q, narx doim How much:

How much is it?             — Bu qancha turadi?       (bitta narsa)
How much is this shirt?     — Bu ko'ylak qancha?
How much are they?          — Ular qancha turadi?     (bir nechta narsa)
How much are these shoes?   — Bu tuflilar qancha?
How much are the apples?    — Olmalar qancha?

Fe'lni narsaga qarab tanlang: bitta narsa → is, ko'p narsa → are (11-dars: this is / these are).

Javob:

It's twenty dollars.                  — Yigirma dollar.
They're five dollars each.            — Har biri besh dollar.
They're fifteen thousand so'm a kilo. — Kilosi o'n besh ming so'm.

Eng muhim farq — "nechta?" va "qancha turadi?":

Oldindan tanishuv: narxni How much does it cost? (Bu qancha turadi?) deb ham so'rashadi — bu Present Simple savoli (15-dars). Hozircha How much is it? yetarli; ikkalasi ham bir xil ma'no beradi.

3.6. Umumiy sxema

                     SANALADIGAN            SANALMAYDIGAN
                     (apple, book, person)  (water, money, time)
  ot shakli          ko'plik: apples        birlik: water
  savol (miqdor)     How many apples?       How much water?
  fe'l               are                    is
  narx               How much are the apples?  How much is the water?
                     └──────── narx — doim HOW MUCH ────────┘

Mini-mashq (o'zingizni tekshiring): How much yoki How many? — ___ chairs? / ___ rice? / ___ is this bag? Javob: How many chairs? / How much rice? / How much is this bag? (narx).

4. Misollar

HOW MANY (nechta):
  How many students are in your group? — Twelve.     — Guruhingizda nechta talaba bor? — O'n ikkita.
  How many cups are on the table? — Four.            — Stolda nechta chashka bor? — To'rtta.
  How many people are here? — About twenty.          — Bu yerda necha kishi bor? — Yigirmatacha.

HOW MUCH (qancha — miqdor):
  How much water is in the glass? — Not much.        — Stakanda qancha suv bor? — Ko'p emas.
  How much sugar is in your coffee? — Two spoons.    — Kofeingizda qancha shakar bor? — Ikki qoshiq.
  How much money is in the box? — A lot!             — Qutida qancha pul bor? — Ko'p!

HOW MUCH (narx):
  How much is this T-shirt? — It's ten dollars.      — Bu futbolka qancha? — O'n dollar.
  How much are these pens? — They're one dollar each. — Bu ruchkalar qancha? — Har biri bir dollar.
  How much is a coffee here? — It's three pounds.    — Bu yerda bir kofe qancha? — Uch funt.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• much /mʌtʃ/ "mach" — unli qisqa /ʌ/ (o'zbekcha "a" ga yaqin), "much" yoki "myuch" emas.
• many /ˈmeni/ "meni" — yozuvda a, lekin o'qilishi "e"! "mani" deyish — eng keng tarqalgan xato. any ham xuddi shunday: /ˈeni/ "eni".
• How many tez nutqda bog'lanadi → "haumeni"; How much is it? → "haumachizit".
• water /ˈwɔːtə/ "wo:tə" — boshida /w/ (lablar dumaloq), "voda"dagi "v" emas.
• Ohang: How much / How many bilan boshlanadigan savolda ohang oxirida pasayadi (↘): How much is it? ↘.

Native siri: do'konda ko'pincha qisqa savol eshitasiz: "How much?" yoki "How much for these?" (Bular uchun qancha?). Sotuvchi esa narxni qisqa aytadi: "Five ninety-nine."

Topshiriq: Youglish'da "how many" va "how much is it" ni eshiting, 5 marta shadowing qiling. many ni "meni" deb aytayotganingizni tekshiring.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

Kollokatsiya: a bottle of water, a cup of tea, a glass of milk, two kilos of apples, ten dollars each, fifteen thousand so'm a kilo. Savol bloklari: How much is it? How much are they? How many people...?

7. Dialog — bozorda

Seller: Good morning! Fresh apples, fresh eggs!      — Xayrli tong! Yangi olma, yangi tuxum!
Aziz:   Good morning! How much are the apples?       — Xayrli tong! Olmalar qancha?
Seller: They're fifteen thousand so'm a kilo.        — Kilosi o'n besh ming so'm.
Aziz:   Two kilos, please. And how much are the eggs? — Ikki kilo bering. Tuxumlar-chi, qancha?
Seller: Twenty thousand so'm a box.                  — Bir qutisi yigirma ming so'm.
Aziz:   How many eggs are in a box?                  — Bir qutida nechta tuxum bor?
Seller: Ten.                                         — O'nta.
Aziz:   OK, one box. And a bottle of milk, please. How much is it? — Mayli, bir quti. Va bir shisha sut. U qancha?
Seller: It's twelve thousand.                        — O'n ikki ming.
Aziz:   How much is it altogether?                   — Hammasi bo'lib qancha bo'ldi?
Seller: Sixty-two thousand so'm, please.             — Oltmish ikki ming so'm, iltimos.
Aziz:   Here you are.                                — Mana, marhamat.
Seller: Thank you! Have a nice day!                  — Rahmat! Kuningiz yaxshi o'tsin!

Topshiriq: hisobni tekshiring: 2 kilo olma (2 × 15,000) + 1 quti tuxum (20,000) + 1 shisha sut (12,000) = ? Keyin dialogdagi har How much ning narxni yoki miqdorni so'rayotganini aniqlang. Narxlarni o'zgartirib, dialogni qayta o'ynang.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Sanaladigan otga How much: How much people are here? How much apples? Sabab: o'zbekcha "qancha" sanaladigan otlarga ham ishlatiladi (qancha odam?). How many people are here? How many apples?

• Sanalmaydigan otga How many: How many water? How many money? How much water? How much money?

• How many dan keyin birlik ot: How many brother...? How many book are there? Sabab: o'zbekchada son va "nechta" dan keyin ot birlikda qoladi (nechta aka, uchta kitob). How many brother*s? How many books are there?*

• Ko'p narsaning narxiga is: How much is the apples? How much is these shoes? How much are the apples? How much are these shoes?

• So'z tartibi: How much it is? This how much? Sabab: o'zbekcha tartib — "Bu qancha?" (so'roq so'z oxirida). How much is it? How much is this? (so'roq so'z boshda, keyin is + ega).

• money ga ko'plik: Where are my moneys? I have many moneys. Sabab: o'zbekcha "pullar". Where is my money? (money — doim birlik).

• Narx uchun How many: How many is this bag? How much is this bag? (narx — doim How much).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. Sanaladigan (C) yoki sanalmaydigan (U)?

apple ___   water ___   book ___    money ___   milk ___    student ___
sugar ___   egg ___     rice ___    dollar ___  time ___    chair ___

Mashq 2. How much yoki How many?

1. ___ students are in your class?
2. ___ water is in the bottle?
3. ___ money is in your bag?
4. ___ is this T-shirt?
5. ___ people are in your family?
6. ___ sugar is in your tea?
7. ___ are these shoes?
8. ___ eggs are in the box?

Mashq 3. is yoki are? (narx)

1. How much ___ this book?       4. How much ___ the apples?
2. How much ___ these pens?      5. How much ___ it?
3. How much ___ the bread?       6. How much ___ they?

Mashq 4. Javobga mos savol tuzing:

1. ___? — There are five people in my family.   (family)
2. ___? — It's ten dollars.                     (bitta ko'ylak narxi)
3. ___? — They're three dollars each.           (ruchkalar narxi)
4. ___? — Thirty students.                      (sinfingiz)
5. ___? — Two spoons.                           (choyingizdagi shakar)

Mashq 5. Xatoni toping va to'g'rilang:

1. How much people are here?
2. How many money is in your bag?
3. How many book are on the table?
4. How much is the apples?
5. How much it is?
6. Where are my moneys?

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Bu qancha turadi?                     = ___
2. Bular qancha turadi?                  = ___
3. Oilangizda necha kishi bor?           = ___
4. Choyingizda qancha shakar bor?        = ___
5. Nechta olma?                          = ___
6. Olmalar qancha turadi?                = ___

Mashq 7. Dialogni to'ldiring (much, many, is, are, each):

A: How ___ are these cups?
B: They're four dollars ___.
A: And how much ___ this teapot?
B: It's twenty dollars.
A: OK. How ___ cups ___ in the box?
B: Six.

10. Amaliy topshiriq (IlmHamroh AI bilan)

Maqsad: How much va How many ni to'g'ri tanlash, narxni birlik/ko'plikka mos so'rash.

Vazifa:

1. Do'kon rol o'yini: "Do'kon" deb yozing — men sotuvchiman. Siz kamida 3 ta narsa narxini so'raysiz (How much is...? How much are...?), bitta miqdor savolini berasiz (How many ... are in the box?) va oxirida How much is it altogether? deb so'raysiz.
2. Oila va uy: o'zingiz haqingizda 5 ta savol-javob yozing (How many people are in your family? — Four. How many rooms are in your flat? — Three...) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
3. Saralash o'yini: "Saralash" deb yozing — men 10 ta ot beraman, siz har biriga How much yoki How many bilan savol tuzasiz.

"Tayyor" mezonlari:

• Sanaladigan otlar bilan How many + ko'plik ot (How many apples).
• Sanalmaydigan otlar bilan How much + birlik (How much water is...).
• Narx doim How much; bitta narsa → is, ko'p narsa → are.
• So'z tartibi to'g'ri: How much is it? (How much it is? emas).

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: apple C, water U, book C, money U, milk U, student C, sugar U, egg C, rice U, dollar C, time U, chair C. Mashq 2: 1. How many 2. How much 3. How much 4. How much (narx) 5. How many 6. How much 7. How much (narx) 8. How many. Mashq 3: 1. is 2. are 3. is 4. are 5. is 6. are. Mashq 4: 1. How many people are in your family? 2. How much is this shirt? (yoki How much is it?) 3. How much are the pens? (yoki How much are they?) 4. How many students are in your class? 5. How much sugar is in your tea? Mashq 5: 1. How many people are here? 2. How much money is in your bag? 3. How many books are on the table? 4. How much are the apples? 5. How much is it? 6. Where is my money? Mashq 6: 1. How much is this? / How much is it? 2. How much are these? / How much are they? 3. How many people are in your family? 4. How much sugar is in your tea? 5. How many apples? 6. How much are the apples? Mashq 7: much / each / is / many / are.

Dialog topshirig'i (7-bo'lim): 30,000 + 20,000 + 12,000 = 62,000 so'm (sixty-two thousand so'm).

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

How many / How much
  HOW MANY + ko'plik ot + are ...?     How many students are in your class?
            (sanaladigan: apple, book, person)
  HOW MUCH + sanalmaydigan ot + is ...? How much water is in the bottle?
            (water, milk, sugar, rice, bread, money, time)
  NARX:     How much is it?   (bitta)  — It's ten dollars.
            How much are they? (ko'p)  — They're two dollars each.
  TUZOQ:    money, bread — sanalmaydi (moneys ✗, two breads ✗)

Asosiy nuqtalar:

• How many = nechta (sanaladigan, ot ko'plikda); How much = qancha (sanalmaydigan, ot birlikda).
• Narx so'rash — doim How much: How much is it? / How much are they?
• money, bread, water, sugar — sanalmaydi: ko'plik yo'q, a/an yo'q.
• So'z tartibi: How much is it? — so'roq so'z boshda.

Bog'lanish: How many brothers do you have? savoli 15-darsda (Present Simple savoli), How many... are there? esa 17-darsda (there is / there are) to'liq ochiladi. A2 da sanaladigan/sanalmaydigan otlar some, any, much, many, a lot of bilan chuqurroq o'rganiladi (A2, 13–14-darslar), xarid tili esa A2, 15-darsda kengayadi.

Keyingi dars — A1 — 13-dars: Sana, hafta kunlari, oylar va vaqt. Endi vaqtni aytishni o'rganamiz: hafta kunlari, oylar, soat necha bo'lganini (What time is it? — It's half past three) — uchrashuv, jadval va kundalik hayot uchun.

Manba

R. Murphy, "Essential Grammar in Use" (countable/uncountable nouns; much, many); Cambridge Dictionary — "How much / How many"; British Council LearnEnglish — "Count nouns and uncount nouns".