Object pronouns — me, him, her, them: qoida va misollar (A1, 10b-dars)

A1 — BOSHLANG'ICH · 10b-dars

1. Dars nomi, maqsad va motivatsiya

4-darsda shaxs olmoshlarini (I, you, he, she, it, we, they), 10-darsda esa egalik olmoshlarini (my, your, his, her...) o'rgandik. Lekin bitta muhim bo'lak hali yo'q: "meni, menga, uni, ularga, biz bilan" qanday aytiladi?

Boshlovchilar ko'pincha shunday gapiradi: I see he. Help I. This is for she. (). Sababi oddiy: ular "u = he", "men = I" deb yodlagan va bu so'zlarni har joyda ishlatadi. Inglizchada esa olmosh gapdagi o'rniga qarab shaklini o'zgartiradi: I → me, he → him, she → her, we → us, they → them.

Real hayotda nega kerak: Excuse me. Help me, please. Call me. Look at him. This is for you. — bular eng ko'p ishlatiladigan iboralar. Ishda ham: Send me the file. Talk to them. Ask her. Bu olmoshlarsiz birorta tabiiy so'rov ham qura olmaysiz.

O'xshatish: har olmoshning ikki kiyimi bor. Birinchisi — "ish kiyimi": olmosh harakatni bajaradi, fe'ldan oldin turadi (I, he, she). Ikkinchisi — "uy kiyimi": olmosh harakatni qabul qiladi, fe'l yoki predlogdan keyin turadi (me, him, her). Odam bitta, kiyim joyiga qarab almashadi.

2. Avvalgi darsdan takror

• 4-dars: shaxs olmoshlari — I, you, he, she, it, we, they (gap egasi).
• 5-dars: to be — I am, he is, they are.
• 10-dars: egalik — my, your, his, her, its, our, their + Ali's book.
• Tez mashq: Ali → ___ book (egalik), Madina → ___ phone, we → ___ house, they → ___ car. (his, her, our, their)

3. Asosiy tushuntirish

3.1. Ega va to'ldiruvchi (subject va object)

Ingliz gapining asosiy tartibi — EGA + FE'L + TO'LDIRUVCHI (SVO):

  EGA (kim?)      FE'L        TO'LDIRUVCHI (kimni? kimga?)
  I               love        him.        — Men uni sevaman.
  He              loves       me.         — U meni sevadi.
  She             helps       us.         — U bizga yordam beradi.

• Ega (subject) — harakatni bajaruvchi, fe'ldan oldin: I, he, she, we, they.
• To'ldiruvchi (object) — harakat qaratilgan kishi/narsa, fe'ldan keyin: me, him, her, us, them.

O'zbek tilida bu farq qo'shimcha bilan ko'rsatiladi: men → meni, menga, men bilan; u → uni, unga. Ingliz tilida qo'shimcha yo'q — o'rniga so'zning o'zi almashadi: I → me, he → him. Ya'ni me bir o'zi "meni", "menga" va (predlog bilan) "men bilan" ma'nolarini beradi.

Eslatma: I love him kabi gaplardagi fe'llar (love, know, help) — Present Simple. Uni 14-darsda to'liq o'rganamiz; hozircha bu gaplarni tayyor ibora sifatida qabul qiling.

3.2. Katta jadval — ega, to'ldiruvchi, egalik

She is my friend.   I love her.       Her name is Madina.
(ega)               (to'ldiruvchi)    (egalik)

Oltin qoida: fe'ldan oldin → I, he, she, we, they. Fe'ldan yoki predlogdan keyin → me, him, her, us, them.

3.3. Ikki olmosh o'zgarmaydi: you va it

you va it — ikkala joyda ham bir xil:

You are my friend.   — Siz mening do'stimsiz.   (ega)
I love you.          — Men sizni sevaman.       (to'ldiruvchi)
It is new.           — U yangi.                 (ega)
Look at it!          — Unga qarang!             (to'ldiruvchi)

Shuning uchun asosiy e'tibor beshta juftlikka: I/me, he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them.

3.4. her — ikki vazifali so'z

her jadvalda ikki marta uchraydi — ham to'ldiruvchi, ham egalik:

I know her.          — Men uni taniyman.        (to'ldiruvchi — "uni")
This is her bag.     — Bu uning sumkasi.        (egalik — "uning")

Farqni qanday bilasiz? Egalik her dan keyin ot keladi (her bag, her name). To'ldiruvchi her esa odatda gap oxirida yoki predlogdan keyin turadi (I know her. Talk to her.).

Erkak uchun esa ikki xil so'z bor: him (uni/unga) va his (uning). Ularni chalkashtirmang:

Call him!            — Unga qo'ng'iroq qiling!   (to'ldiruvchi)
Call his brother!    — Uning akasiga qo'ng'iroq qiling!  (egalik + ot)

3.5. Fe'ldan keyin (buyruq gaplarda)

Kundalik iltimoslarda to'ldiruvchi olmosh juda ko'p uchraydi. Buyruq gap (21-darsda chuqur) — fe'lning sof shakli bilan boshlanadi:

Help me, please.     — Menga yordam bering, iltimos.
Call me tomorrow.    — Ertaga menga qo'ng'iroq qiling.
Tell him.            — Unga ayting.
Ask her.             — Undan so'rang. (ayoldan)
Invite them.         — Ularni taklif qiling.
Excuse me.           — Kechirasiz. (so'zma-so'z: "meni kechiring")

Diqqat: Help me, Call me, Tell me, Ask me — hech qanday predlogsiz! O'zbekchada "menga" (-ga) deymiz, lekin inglizchada to qo'shilmaydi: Help to me (), Call to me ().

3.6. Predlogdan keyin (for, with, to, at, from, about)

Predlogdan keyin doim to'ldiruvchi shakl keladi:

This is for you.         — Bu siz uchun.
Come with us!            — Biz bilan yuring!
Talk to her.             — U bilan gaplashing.
Look at me!              — Menga qarang!
Is this letter from them? — Bu xat ulardanmi?
The film is about him.   — Film u haqida.

Ba'zi fe'llar predlog bilan birga yuradi — ularni butun ibora sifatida yodlang, chunki o'zbekcha qo'shimcha inglizcha predlogga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri mos kelmaydi:

Native siri: "O'zbekcha qo'shimchaga qarab predlog tanlamang — fe'lga qarab tanlang." wait doim for bilan, listen doim to bilan, help va call esa predlogsiz.

3.7. to be dan keyin va qisqa javoblarda

Kundalik nutqda to be dan keyin va qisqa javoblarda ham to'ldiruvchi shakl ishlatiladi:

Who is it? — It's me.          — Kim u? — Menman.
Who's there? — It's us!        — Kim bor? — Bizmiz!
I'm hungry. — Me too.          — Qornim och. — Men ham.
Who is tired? — Not me!        — Kim charchagan? — Men emas!

Diqqat: It's I — juda eski, kitobiy shakl; hozir hech kim bunday demaydi. Tabiiy javob — It's me.

3.8. Ot o'rniga olmosh — qaysi birini tanlash kerak?

To'ldiruvchi olmosh otni almashtiradi, ya'ni gapda ot takrorlanmasligi uchun ishlatiladi. Avval otga qarang, keyin mos olmoshni qo'ying:

Ali (erkak)                → him     Look at Ali.       → Look at him.
Madina (ayol)              → her     Call Madina.       → Call her.
the book (narsa)           → it      Take the book.     → Take it.
my parents (ko'plik)       → them    Help my parents.   → Help them.
Ali and me (men + boshqa)  → us      Wait for Ali and me. → Wait for us.

"Ali and I" yoki "Ali and me"? Qoida o'sha-o'sha — o'rniga qarang:

• Ega (fe'ldan oldin): Ali and I are friends. (Me and Ali are friends — og'zaki uchraydi, lekin yozuvda xato hisoblanadi.)
• To'ldiruvchi (fe'l/predlogdan keyin): This is for Ali and me. (for Ali and I )

Tekshirish usuli: "Ali"ni olib tashlang — This is for I () / This is for me (). Demak, for Ali and me.

Mini-mashq (o'zingizni tekshiring): otni olmosh bilan almashtiring — Look at the cat. / Call Ali. / This is for my sisters. Javob: Look at it. / Call him. / This is for them.

4. Misollar

FE'LDAN KEYIN:
  I love you.                 — Men sizni sevaman.
  Please help us.             — Iltimos, bizga yordam bering.
  Tell me your name.          — Menga ismingizni ayting.
  I know him. He's my teacher. — Men uni taniyman. U mening o'qituvchim.

PREDLOGDAN KEYIN:
  These flowers are for her.  — Bu gullar u uchun (ayol).
  Sit with us.                — Biz bilan o'tiring.
  Listen to me, please.       — Iltimos, meni tinglang.
  Wait for them!              — Ularni kuting!

SAVOLDA:
  Is this for me?             — Bu men uchunmi?
  Are they with you?          — Ular siz bilanmi?
  Is the book about them?     — Kitob ular haqidami?

UCHALASI BIRGA (she / her / her):
  She is my sister. I love her. Her name is Aziza.
  — U mening singlim. Men uni yaxshi ko'raman. Uning ismi Aziza.

5. Talaffuz bo'limi

• me /miː/ "mi:", us /ʌs/ "as", him /hɪm/ "him", her /hɜː/ "hə:", them /ðem/ "ðem" (til uchi tishlar orasida — "zem" emas!).
• Zaif shakllar (weak forms): gap ichida olmosh urg'usiz bo'lsa, u "yutiladi":
  • him → /ɪm/: Help him → "helpim", Tell him → "telim" (h tushadi).
  • her → /ə/: Call her → "ko:lə", Ask her → "a:skə".
  • them → /ðəm/ yoki hatto /əm/: Call them → "ko:ləm".
  • us → /əs/: Help us → "helpəs".
• Olmosh faqat qarama-qarshi qo'yilganda urg'u oladi: I love HIM, not HER.

Native siri: filmlarda Tell 'im yoki Call 'em deb yozilgan subtitrlarni ko'rsangiz — bu him va them ning zaif shakli. Siz yozuvda to'liq shaklni yozing, lekin tinglashda uni taniy biling.

Topshiriq: Youglish/Forvo'da "help him", "call her", "with them" ni eshiting va 5 marta shadowing qiling. Keyin "Excuse me. Can you help me?" ni tabiiy ohangda ayting.

6. Yangi so'zlar (Anki jadvali)

Kollokatsiya: look at, listen to, wait for, talk to — fe'l + predlog birga yodlanadi. help / call / tell / ask + olmosh — predlogsiz. Tayyor iboralar: Me too. / Not me. / It's me. / Excuse me.

7. Dialog — tug'ilgan kunda

Aziza: Hi, Madina! Is this bag for me?          — Salom, Madina! Bu sumka men uchunmi?
Madina: Yes, it's for you! It's from Ali and me. — Ha, siz uchun! Bu Ali va mendan.
Aziza: Oh, thank you! I love it! Where is Ali?   — Voy, rahmat! Juda yoqdi! Ali qayerda?
Madina: He's with his brother. Look at them!     — U akasi bilan. Ana, ularga qarang!
Aziza: Ali! Come and sit with us!                — Ali! Kelib, biz bilan o'tiring!
Ali:   Hi, Aziza! Happy birthday! These flowers are for you too. — Salom, Aziza! Tug'ilgan kuningiz bilan! Bu gullar ham siz uchun.
Aziza: They're beautiful! Thank you. Please, tell me about your brother. — Juda chiroyli! Rahmat. Iltimos, menga akangiz haqida gapirib bering.
Ali:   His name is Sardor. He's a doctor. Talk to him — he's very nice! — Uning ismi Sardor. U shifokor. U bilan gaplashing — u juda yoqimli!

Topshiriq: dialogdagi barcha to'ldiruvchi olmoshlarni (me, you, it, them, us, him) toping va har birining oldida nima turganini ayting: fe'lmi yoki predlogmi? Keyin his va him qatnashgan gaplarni solishtiring.

8. O'zbekcha-inglizcha tipik xatolar

• Fe'ldan keyin ega shakli: I love she. I see he. Help we. Sabab: o'zbekchada "u" so'zi faqat qo'shimcha oladi (uni, unga); o'quvchi "u = he/she" deb yodlab, shaklni o'zgartirishni unutadi. I love her. I see him. Help us.

• Fe'ldan oldin to'ldiruvchi shakl: Me am a student. Him is my brother. Them are here. I am a student. He is my brother. They are here. (fe'ldan oldin — ega shakli).

• Predlogdan keyin ega shakli: This is for she. Come with I. Talk to they. This is for her. Come with me. Talk to them.

• "-ga" ni to deb tarjima qilish: Help to me. Call to him. Tell to her. Sabab: "menga yordam bering" → "-ga" = "to" deb o'ylash. Help me. Call him. Tell her. (bu fe'llar predlogsiz).

• him va his ni aralashtirish: This is him book. I know his. This is his book (egalik + ot). I know him (to'ldiruvchi).

• Olmoshni tushirib qoldirish: This cake is great. I love! / Nice bag! Where is from? Sabab: o'zbekchada to'ldiruvchi ko'pincha tushadi ("Juda yoqdi!", "Qayerdan?"). I love it! / Where is it from? — inglizchada olmosh majburiy.

• for Ali and I*, *Me and Ali are friends (yozuvda). for Ali and me (predlogdan keyin), Ali and I are friends (ega).

9. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. To'ldiruvchi shaklini yozing:

I → ___     he → ___     she → ___     it → ___
we → ___    they → ___   you → ___

Mashq 2. Otni to'ldiruvchi olmosh bilan almashtiring:

1. Call Madina.              → Call ___.
2. Look at Ali.              → Look at ___.
3. This is for my parents.   → This is for ___.
4. Take the book.            → Take ___.
5. Wait for Ali and me.      → Wait for ___.
6. Talk to your sister.      → Talk to ___.

Mashq 3. To'g'ri variantni tanlang:

1. (She / Her) is my sister. I love (she / her).
2. Come with (we / us)!
3. (They / Them) are my friends. Please help (they / them).
4. Is this for (I / me)?
5. (He / Him) is a doctor. Look at (he / him)!
6. Who is it? — It's (I / me).

Mashq 4. him yoki his? her (uni) yoki her (uning)? them yoki their?

1. Ali is my friend. ___ car is red. Call ___!
2. My parents are at home. ___ house is big. I love ___.
3. Madina is here. ___ bag is on the table. Give it to ___.

Mashq 5. Xatoni toping va to'g'rilang:

1. I love she.
2. Help to me, please.
3. This is for they.
4. Him is my brother.
5. Wait me!
6. This cake is great. I love!

Mashq 6. O'zbekchadan inglizchaga:

1. Menga yordam bering, iltimos.   = ___
2. Unga qarang! (ayol)             = ___
3. Bu siz uchun.                   = ___
4. Biz bilan yuring!               = ___
5. Ularni kuting.                  = ___
6. Meni tinglang.                  = ___

Mashq 7. Jadvalni to'ldiring:

ega      to'ldiruvchi   egalik
I        ___            my
___      him            his
she      her            ___
we       ___            ___
they     ___            ___

10. Amaliy topshiriq (IlmHamroh AI bilan)

Maqsad: ega (I, he, she) va to'ldiruvchi (me, him, her) olmoshlarni o'rniga qarab xatosiz tanlash.

Vazifa:

1. Iltimoslar ro'yxati: do'stingizga yoki hamkasbingizga 6 ta qisqa iltimos yozing (Help me. Call him. Wait for us. Talk to her...) va "tekshir" deb yuboring.
2. Oila albomi: oilangizdagi 3 kishi haqida uchtadan gap yozing — ega, to'ldiruvchi va egalik bilan (This is my brother. I love him. His name is Sardor.).
3. Almashtirish o'yini: "O'yin" deb yozing — men ot bilan gap beraman (Look at the children.), siz otni olmosh bilan almashtirasiz (Look at them.). 10 ta gap.

"Tayyor" mezonlari:

• Fe'ldan oldin — I, he, she, we, they; fe'l/predlogdan keyin — me, him, her, us, them.
• help / call / tell / ask dan keyin to qo'yilmagan.
• look at, listen to, wait for, talk to — predlog bilan to'g'ri.
• him (uni) va his (uning) aralashmagan.

11. Javoblar kaliti

Mashq 1: me / him / her / it / us / them / you. Mashq 2: 1. Call her. 2. Look at him. 3. This is for them. 4. Take it. 5. Wait for us. 6. Talk to her. Mashq 3: 1. She / her. 2. us. 3. They / them. 4. me. 5. He / him. 6. me. Mashq 4: 1. His / him. 2. Their / them. 3. Her / her. Mashq 5: 1. I love her. 2. Help me, please. 3. This is for them. 4. He is my brother. 5. Wait for me! 6. This cake is great. I love it! Mashq 6: 1. Help me, please. 2. Look at her! 3. This is for you. 4. Come with us! 5. Wait for them. 6. Listen to me. Mashq 7: I — me — my; he — him — his; she — her — her; we — us — our; they — them — their.

12. Xulosa va keyingi dars

Tez ma'lumotnoma:

Object pronouns (to'ldiruvchi olmoshlar)
  I → me    you → you    he → him    she → her
  it → it   we → us      they → them
  QAYERDA:  fe'ldan keyin      — Help me. I love him.
            predlogdan keyin   — for you, with us, to them, at her
            qisqa javobda      — It's me. Me too.
  EGA (fe'ldan oldin): I, he, she, we, they — He is my friend.
  her = uni/unga (to'ldiruvchi) VA uning (egalik) | him = uni, his = uning

Asosiy nuqtalar:

• Olmosh o'rniga qarab shaklini o'zgartiradi: fe'ldan oldin — I/he/she/we/they, fe'l yoki predlogdan keyin — me/him/her/us/them.
• you va it o'zgarmaydi; her ikki vazifali (uni / uning).
• help, call, tell, ask — predlogsiz; look at, listen to, wait for, talk to — predlog bilan.
• Inglizchada to'ldiruvchi olmosh tushib qolmaydi: I love it!

Bog'lanish: bu olmoshlar Present Simple gaplarida (14–15-darslar: She loves him. Do you know her?) va buyruq gaplarda (21-dars) doimo ishlatiladi. A2 da to'ldiruvchi olmoshlar chuqurroq (A2, 16-dars), keyin mine, yours va myself, himself (A2, 24-dars) qo'shiladi.

Keyingi dars — A1 — 11-dars: this / that / these / those. Endi narsalarni ko'rsatishni o'rganamiz: this (bu, yaqin), that (u, uzoq), these/those (ko'plik) — "Bu nima?", "Anavi kim?" kabi gaplar uchun.

Manba

R. Murphy, "Essential Grammar in Use" (I/me/he/him — pronouns); Cambridge Dictionary — "Pronouns: personal (I, me, you, him, it, they...)"; British Council LearnEnglish — "Subject and object pronouns".